[{"title": "0110 Commissioned armed forces officers (Level 4)", "slug": "0110-commissioned-armed-forces-officers-level-4", "category": "0", "pay": 66408, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5129, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Recruitment difficult", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree + military training", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Military academy", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Commissioned officers perform a mix of high-level strategic planning, which is increasingly supported by AI-driven data analysis, and critical real-time leadership in unpredictable physical environments. While AI can assist with logistics and intelligence processing, the core requirements of command, ethical judgment, and physical presence in the field remain fundamentally human-centric.", "url": ""}, {"title": "0210 Non-commissioned armed forces officers (Level 4)", "slug": "0210-non-commissioned-armed-forces-officers-level-4", "category": "0", "pay": 51036, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3439, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Recruitment difficult", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree + military training", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Military academy", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves significant physical, tactical, and leadership responsibilities in unpredictable environments that require real-time human judgment and presence. While AI may assist in intelligence analysis, logistics, or simulation training, the core functions of military command and field operations remain largely insulated from automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "0310 Armed forces occupations, other ranks (Level 4)", "slug": "0310-armed-forces-occupations-other-ranks-level-4", "category": "0", "pay": 32616, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 176, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Recruitment difficult", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Military training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Military roles are heavily dependent on physical presence, tactical decision-making in unpredictable environments, and manual skill. While AI may assist in logistics or surveillance, the core functions of the role remain fundamentally physical and require human judgment in high-stakes, real-world scenarios.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1111 Legislators (Level 4)", "slug": "1111-legislators-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 87984, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 286, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Master's degree", "work_experience": "5+ years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Legislators and senior officials engage in high-level knowledge work involving complex decision-making, policy analysis, and communication, which are increasingly supported by AI tools for drafting and research. However, the core of the role relies heavily on human judgment, political negotiation, and public accountability, which remain difficult to automate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1112 Senior government officials (Level 4)", "slug": "1112-senior-government-officials-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 96024, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1670, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Master's degree", "work_experience": "5+ years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Senior government officials engage in high-level knowledge work involving policy analysis, strategic planning, and complex communication, which are increasingly supported by AI tools for drafting and data synthesis. However, the role remains heavily dependent on human judgment, political negotiation, and stakeholder management, which provide a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1114 Senior officials of special-interest organizations (Level 4)", "slug": "1114-senior-officials-of-special-interest-organizations-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 67188, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2217, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant knowledge work, including strategic planning, communication, and policy analysis, which are increasingly supported by AI tools. However, the core of the job relies on high-level human judgment, complex stakeholder management, and interpersonal influence, which remain difficult for AI to fully replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1120 Managing directors and chief executives (Level 4)", "slug": "1120-managing-directors-and-chief-executives-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 150240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3039, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 10, "outlook_desc": "Very good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Master's degree", "work_experience": "5+ years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Managing directors perform high-level knowledge work involving strategy, communication, and complex decision-making, which are increasingly augmented by AI-driven analytics and generative tools. While human judgment and leadership remain essential, the core tasks of information synthesis, reporting, and operational oversight are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1211 Finance managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1211-finance-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 98268, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3857, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Finance management is a highly digital, knowledge-intensive role centered on data analysis, reporting, and strategic planning, all of which are core domains for AI advancement. While the role requires high-level human judgment and leadership, AI tools are rapidly automating the underlying financial modeling, forecasting, and compliance tasks, leading to significant restructuring of the profession.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1212 Human resource managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1212-human-resource-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 98736, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1553, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Human resource management is predominantly knowledge-based, involving significant amounts of data analysis, communication, and document processing that are highly susceptible to AI automation. While the role requires human judgment for complex interpersonal conflicts and strategic decision-making, AI tools are rapidly transforming core tasks like recruitment screening, policy drafting, and performance analytics.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1213 Policy and planning managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1213-policy-and-planning-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 97176, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2589, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Policy and planning managers perform high-level knowledge work involving complex analysis, report writing, and strategic communication, all of which are increasingly supported by generative AI. While the role requires significant human judgment, stakeholder management, and political navigation, the core information-processing tasks are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains and restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1219 Business services and administration managers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "1219-business-services-and-administration-managers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 95532, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4538, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves high-level administrative oversight, strategic planning, and complex decision-making, which are increasingly supported by AI-driven analytics and automation tools. While the job requires human judgment and interpersonal leadership, the core tasks of processing business information, reporting, and resource management are highly susceptible to AI-enabled productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1221 Sales and marketing managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1221-sales-and-marketing-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 91176, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7734, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves high-level knowledge work, strategic planning, and data analysis, all of which are increasingly supported by AI tools for market forecasting and content generation. While the job requires significant human judgment, relationship management, and leadership, the core analytical and administrative tasks are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1222 Advertising and public relations managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1222-advertising-and-public-relations-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 90240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1132, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Advertising and public relations management is primarily knowledge-based work involving strategy, content creation, and data analysis, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and augmentation. While the role requires human judgment, relationship management, and creative oversight, the core tasks of campaign planning and performance analysis are increasingly being reshaped by generative AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1223 Research and development managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1223-research-and-development-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 93216, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4996, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Research and development management is primarily knowledge-based, involving data analysis, strategic planning, and technical communication, all of which are highly susceptible to AI augmentation. While the role requires high-level human judgment and leadership, AI tools are increasingly capable of accelerating research synthesis, project management, and technical documentation, significantly reshaping the workflow.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1311 Agricultural and forestry production managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1311-agricultural-and-forestry-production-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 1211, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of strategic knowledge work, such as planning and resource management, and physical oversight of agricultural operations. While AI can optimize crop management and logistics, the core requirement for on-site physical presence and real-time decision-making in unpredictable natural environments limits the extent of automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1312 Aquaculture and fisheries production managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1312-aquaculture-and-fisheries-production-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 15, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant physical management of aquaculture sites and biological systems, which limits AI's ability to automate core tasks. While AI can optimize data-driven aspects like water quality monitoring, feeding schedules, and inventory management, the job requires substantial on-site presence and physical oversight.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1321 Manufacturing managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1321-manufacturing-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 96000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6680, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Manufacturing managers perform knowledge-intensive work involving planning, resource allocation, and data analysis, which are increasingly supported by AI-driven predictive maintenance and supply chain optimization tools. However, the role requires significant human judgment, on-site coordination, and interpersonal leadership that remains difficult for AI to fully automate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1322 Mining managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1322-mining-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 105000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 145, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Mining management involves a mix of high-level strategic decision-making, on-site operational oversight, and safety management in physical environments. While AI can significantly optimize logistics, resource extraction, and predictive maintenance, the role requires substantial physical presence and complex human-in-the-loop judgment that remains difficult to fully automate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1323 Construction managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1323-construction-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 88404, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7302, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Construction management involves significant digital coordination, planning, and documentation, which are increasingly susceptible to AI-driven scheduling and optimization tools. However, the role requires substantial physical presence, on-site problem solving, and complex human coordination that acts as a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1324 Supply, distribution and related managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1324-supply-distribution-and-related-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 93312, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3377, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant knowledge work, including data analysis, logistics planning, and supply chain optimization, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven predictive modeling and automation. While the job requires human judgment for strategic decision-making and stakeholder management, the core analytical tasks are increasingly being handled by AI tools, leading to high potential for restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1330 Information and communications technology service managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1330-information-and-communications-technology-service-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 99996, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4012, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, involving the management of complex information systems and technical strategies that are increasingly subject to AI-driven automation and optimization. While human leadership and strategic decision-making remain necessary, the core tasks of monitoring, analyzing, and optimizing IT services are highly susceptible to AI integration.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1341 Child care services managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1341-child-care-services-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 50208, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2812, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "While this role involves administrative and digital tasks like scheduling, budgeting, and reporting that are susceptible to AI, the core of the job requires human-centric management, interpersonal communication, and physical oversight of childcare facilities. The necessity for real-time human judgment and emotional intelligence in a sensitive, regulated environment creates a significant barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1342 Health services managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1342-health-services-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 92784, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1173, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Health services managers perform predominantly knowledge-based work involving data analysis, reporting, and administrative coordination, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains. However, the role requires significant human judgment, complex stakeholder management, and physical presence within healthcare environments, which limits the extent to which AI can fully automate the position.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1343 Aged care services managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1343-aged-care-services-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 51420, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 650, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "While this role involves significant human interaction, leadership, and physical presence in care facilities, a large portion of the work involves administrative tasks, regulatory compliance, and resource management. These information-processing aspects are highly susceptible to AI-driven optimization, though the core requirement for human oversight and interpersonal management keeps the overall exposure at a moderate-to-high level.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1344 Social welfare managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1344-social-welfare-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 55296, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2290, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "As a management role, this position involves significant information processing, report writing, and administrative oversight, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains. However, the core of the job requires complex human judgment, ethical decision-making, and interpersonal management that necessitates a human presence, keeping the exposure at a moderate-to-high level.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1345 Education managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1345-education-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 77832, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3732, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Education managers perform predominantly knowledge-based work involving administration, planning, and communication, which are increasingly supported by AI tools. However, the role requires significant human judgment, leadership, and interpersonal interaction within a physical school environment, which limits the extent to which AI can fully automate the position.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1346 Financial and insurance services branch managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1346-financial-and-insurance-services-branch-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 115692, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2118, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "As a management role focused on financial services, the work is predominantly digital, involving data analysis, reporting, and strategic communication. While human leadership and complex decision-making remain essential, AI tools are rapidly automating the analytical and administrative components of financial management.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1349 Professional services managers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "1349-professional-services-managers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 78048, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2961, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves high-level management and coordination of professional services, which is predominantly knowledge-based and digital. While human judgment and interpersonal leadership remain essential, AI tools are increasingly capable of automating data analysis, reporting, and administrative decision-making, significantly reshaping the workflow.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1411 Hotel managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1411-hotel-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 67752, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 379, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Hotel management involves a significant amount of digital administrative work, such as revenue management, scheduling, and communication, which are highly susceptible to AI optimization. However, the role also requires substantial physical presence, on-site problem solving, and interpersonal leadership that AI cannot currently replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1412 Restaurant managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1412-restaurant-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 54996, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1923, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Hotel and restaurant management involves a significant amount of interpersonal interaction, physical presence, and real-time problem-solving that remains difficult to automate. While AI can assist with administrative tasks like scheduling, inventory management, and revenue optimization, the core of the role requires human leadership and physical oversight of the service environment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1420 Retail and wholesale trade managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1420-retail-and-wholesale-trade-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 100776, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5706, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Retail and wholesale managers perform a mix of strategic decision-making, inventory analysis, and personnel management, which are increasingly supported by AI-driven forecasting and optimization tools. While the role requires physical presence and human leadership, the core analytical and administrative tasks are highly susceptible to automation and AI-augmented workflows.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1431 Sports, recreation and cultural centre managers (Level 4)", "slug": "1431-sports-recreation-and-cultural-centre-managers-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 65652, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 821, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of administrative knowledge work, which is susceptible to AI-driven scheduling and data analysis, and essential physical/interpersonal management of facilities and staff. While AI can optimize operations and reporting, the core requirement for on-site human oversight and real-time coordination of physical activities limits its overall exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "1439 Services managers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "1439-services-managers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "1", "pay": 87132, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1667, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves high-level management and coordination of professional services, which is predominantly knowledge-based and digital. While human judgment and interpersonal leadership remain essential, AI tools are increasingly capable of automating data analysis, reporting, and administrative decision-making, significantly reshaping the workflow.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2111 Physicists and astronomers (Level 4)", "slug": "2111-physicists-and-astronomers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 50280, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1402, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Physicists and astronomers perform high-level knowledge work that is increasingly reliant on computational modeling, data analysis, and coding, all of which are being rapidly augmented by AI. While the core scientific discovery and hypothesis generation require human intuition and physical experimentation, the analytical and digital components of the role are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2112 Meteorologists (Level 4)", "slug": "2112-meteorologists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 181, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Meteorology is a highly digital, data-intensive field that relies on complex computational modeling and analysis, which are core strengths of AI. While human judgment is still required for final forecasting and communication, AI tools are rapidly automating data processing and improving predictive accuracy, significantly reshaping the workflow.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2113 Chemists (Level 4)", "slug": "2113-chemists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 54420, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1719, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Chemists perform significant knowledge work involving data analysis, research, and documentation, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and predictive modeling. While the role requires physical laboratory work, the core intellectual tasks of experimental design and data interpretation are increasingly being augmented or replaced by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2114 Geologists and geophysicists (Level 4)", "slug": "2114-geologists-and-geophysicists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 512, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Geologists and geophysicists perform significant knowledge work involving data analysis, modeling, and report writing, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation. However, the role also requires physical fieldwork, site-specific observation, and complex decision-making based on environmental variables that remain difficult for AI to fully replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2120 Mathematicians, actuaries and statisticians (Level 4)", "slug": "2120-mathematicians-actuaries-and-statisticians-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 58716, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3913, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely digital, involving complex data analysis, mathematical modeling, and statistical programming, all of which are core domains for current AI advancement. AI tools are already capable of automating significant portions of data processing, code generation, and predictive modeling, leading to a major restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2131 Biologists, botanists, zoologists and related professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2131-biologists-botanists-zoologists-and-related-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 50580, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3186, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "While this role involves significant field work and physical data collection, a large portion of the profession is dedicated to data analysis, scientific writing, and research modeling. AI tools are increasingly capable of automating these analytical tasks, though the need for physical experimentation and expert human judgment in biological interpretation remains a strong constraint.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2132 Farming, forestry and fisheries advisers (Level 4)", "slug": "2132-farming-forestry-and-fisheries-advisers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 47424, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3103, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of digital knowledge work, such as data analysis and report writing, and physical field visits to provide on-site consultation. While AI can significantly assist with data-driven decision-making and agricultural modeling, the necessity for physical presence and human-to-human advisory interaction in unpredictable environments limits the overall exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2133 Environmental protection professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2133-environmental-protection-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 54600, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2835, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant knowledge work, including data analysis, report writing, and regulatory compliance, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and synthesis. However, the occupation also requires physical site visits, field inspections, and complex stakeholder negotiations that necessitate human judgment and physical presence, preventing a higher exposure score.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2141 Industrial and production engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2141-industrial-and-production-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 61440, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5561, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Industrial and production engineers perform high-level analytical work, process optimization, and system design, which are increasingly supported by AI-driven simulation and predictive modeling tools. While the role requires physical site visits and complex human coordination, the core intellectual tasks are highly susceptible to automation and AI-assisted decision-making.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2142 Civil engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2142-civil-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 59316, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 16812, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Civil engineering involves significant digital work, including CAD modeling, structural analysis, and project documentation, which are increasingly automated by AI-driven design tools. However, the role requires substantial physical site visits, complex regulatory judgment, and real-world safety accountability that AI cannot currently replace.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2143 Environmental engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2143-environmental-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 51552, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 864, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Environmental engineering involves significant digital knowledge work, including data analysis, modeling, report writing, and regulatory compliance, all of which are highly susceptible to AI augmentation. While the role requires physical site visits and complex human judgment, the core analytical and design tasks are increasingly being automated or assisted by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2144 Mechanical engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2144-mechanical-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 56424, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 22113, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Mechanical engineering involves significant digital knowledge work, including CAD modeling, simulation, and technical documentation, all of which are increasingly automated by AI-driven generative design and analysis tools. While the role requires physical understanding and real-world application, the core analytical and design tasks are highly susceptible to AI-assisted productivity gains and restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2145 Chemical engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2145-chemical-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 63948, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4788, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Chemical engineering involves significant digital knowledge work, including complex data analysis, process modeling, and simulation, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven optimization. While the role requires physical oversight of industrial processes, the core engineering design and analytical tasks are increasingly being transformed by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2146 Mining engineers, metallurgists and related professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2146-mining-engineers-metallurgists-and-related-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 63036, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1084, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "While the role involves physical site visits and engineering oversight, a significant portion of the work is digital, involving complex data analysis, simulation, modeling, and technical reporting. AI tools are increasingly capable of optimizing extraction processes and analyzing geological data, which will significantly reshape the analytical components of the profession.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2149 Engineering professionals not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "2149-engineering-professionals-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 60840, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13755, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves high-level knowledge work, including technical analysis, design, and project management, which are increasingly supported by AI-driven simulation and optimization tools. While the work requires specialized engineering judgment and complex problem-solving, the digital nature of the core tasks makes it highly susceptible to productivity gains and restructuring through AI integration.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2151 Electrical engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2151-electrical-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 57840, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13137, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Electrical engineering involves significant digital work, including computer-aided design (CAD), simulation, and technical documentation, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and optimization. While the role requires physical oversight and complex problem-solving that necessitates human judgment, the core analytical and design tasks are increasingly being augmented or performed by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2152 Electronics engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2152-electronics-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 62580, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7083, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Electronics engineering involves significant digital work, including circuit simulation, code development, and technical documentation, all of which are increasingly augmented by AI tools. While the role requires physical testing and complex hardware integration that limits full automation, AI is rapidly transforming the design and verification phases of the profession.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2153 Telecommunications engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "2153-telecommunications-engineers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 63012, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2838, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Telecommunications engineering involves significant digital work, including network design, system analysis, and configuration, which are increasingly assisted by AI-driven automation and predictive maintenance tools. While the role requires complex problem-solving and physical infrastructure oversight, the core analytical and design tasks are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "216.  (Not more specifically classified) Architects, planners, surveyors and designers (Level 4)", "slug": "216-not-more-specifically-classified-architects-planners-surveyors-and-designers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves significant digital knowledge work, including CAD modeling, technical planning, and data analysis, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and generative design tools. While human judgment and physical site visits remain necessary, the core technical and design tasks are increasingly being performed within digital environments where AI capabilities are rapidly advancing.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2161 Building architects (Level 4)", "slug": "2161-building-architects-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 55992, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3889, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Architectural work is increasingly digital, relying heavily on CAD and BIM software where AI is rapidly automating drafting, generative design, and structural optimization. While human judgment, regulatory compliance, and client interaction remain essential, the core technical production of architectural plans is highly susceptible to AI-driven efficiency gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2162 Landscape architects (Level 4)", "slug": "2162-landscape-architects-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 52788, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 164, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Landscape architecture involves significant digital work, including CAD drafting, 3D modeling, and data analysis, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and generative design tools. While the role requires site visits and human-centric design judgment, the core technical production tasks are increasingly being reshaped by AI software.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2163 Product and garment designers (Level 4)", "slug": "2163-product-and-garment-designers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 48240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1356, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Product and garment design is increasingly digital, relying on CAD software, 3D modeling, and digital prototyping, all of which are being rapidly transformed by generative AI. While the role requires creative judgment and aesthetic sense, the core technical tasks of drafting, pattern making, and visual iteration are highly susceptible to automation and AI-assisted design tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2164 Town and traffic planners (Level 4)", "slug": "2164-town-and-traffic-planners-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 56856, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3846, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Town and traffic planning is a knowledge-intensive role that relies heavily on digital data analysis, GIS mapping, and simulation software, all of which are being rapidly transformed by AI. While the job requires human judgment for political and social navigation, the core technical tasks of modeling and design are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and optimization.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2165 Cartographers and surveyors (Level 4)", "slug": "2165-cartographers-and-surveyors-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 50076, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1781, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Cartography and surveying are increasingly digital, relying heavily on GIS software, satellite imagery, and automated data processing. While field surveying requires physical presence, the core analytical and drafting tasks are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and advanced spatial modeling.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2166 Graphic and multimedia designers (Level 4)", "slug": "2166-graphic-and-multimedia-designers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 45876, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4477, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Graphic and multimedia design is a predominantly digital profession where generative AI tools can already automate complex image creation, layout, and asset generation. The core tasks of the role are highly susceptible to rapid restructuring as AI models continue to advance in visual synthesis and design logic.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2211 Generalist medical practitioners (Level 4)", "slug": "2211-generalist-medical-practitioners-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 96804, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 8083, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 9, "outlook_desc": "Very good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Doctoral degree", "work_experience": "5+ years", "training": "Specialist training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Generalist medical practitioners perform high-stakes diagnostic and interpersonal work that requires physical presence and complex human judgment. While AI is increasingly capable of assisting with data analysis, medical imaging, and administrative documentation, the core of the profession\u2014patient examination, physical care, and ethical decision-making\u2014remains fundamentally human-centric.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2212 Specialist medical practitioners (Level 4)", "slug": "2212-specialist-medical-practitioners-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 107496, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 14348, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "While medical specialists perform high-level knowledge work, their role requires significant physical examination, real-time patient interaction, and high-stakes clinical judgment that AI cannot currently replace. AI serves as a powerful diagnostic and administrative tool, but the core of the profession remains anchored in physical presence and human accountability.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2221 Nursing professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2221-nursing-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 50376, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5650, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "3-5 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Nursing is a high-touch, physical profession that requires real-time clinical judgment, patient interaction, and manual care, which are difficult to automate. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, diagnostics, and monitoring, the core of the role remains fundamentally tied to human presence and physical intervention.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2250 Veterinarians (Level 4)", "slug": "2250-veterinarians-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 72324, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1798, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Veterinarians perform essential physical tasks such as examinations, surgeries, and animal handling that require real-time presence and manual dexterity. While AI can assist with diagnostic imaging analysis and record-keeping, the core of the profession remains rooted in physical interaction and complex clinical judgment that cannot be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "226.  (Not more specifically classified) Other health professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "226-not-more-specifically-classified-other-health-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This category encompasses diverse health roles that require a mix of specialized knowledge work and direct, physical patient interaction. While AI can assist with diagnostic analysis and documentation, the core requirement for physical presence and human-centric care provides a significant barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2261 Dentists (Level 4)", "slug": "2261-dentists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 86652, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4300, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Dentistry is a highly physical, manual profession that requires real-time, precise interaction with patients in a clinical setting. While AI can assist with diagnostic imaging and administrative tasks, the core work of performing dental procedures remains fundamentally tied to physical dexterity and human presence.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2262 Pharmacists (Level 4)", "slug": "2262-pharmacists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 60540, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1602, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Pharmacists perform a mix of knowledge-based tasks, such as drug interaction analysis and clinical decision-making, which are increasingly supported by AI, alongside physical tasks like medication dispensing and patient counseling. While AI can automate complex verification and safety checks, the requirement for physical presence, legal accountability, and direct patient interaction provides a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2263 Environmental and occupational health and hygiene professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2263-environmental-and-occupational-health-and-hygiene-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 61896, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 773, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a significant amount of knowledge work, including data analysis, report writing, and regulatory compliance, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation. However, the profession also requires physical site inspections, on-site risk assessments, and interpersonal communication with stakeholders, which provide a necessary human-centric buffer.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2265 Dieticians and nutritionists (Level 4)", "slug": "2265-dieticians-and-nutritionists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 48264, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 447, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Dieticians and nutritionists perform a mix of knowledge-based analysis, such as meal planning and data interpretation, which is highly susceptible to AI, and interpersonal counseling, which requires human empathy and physical presence. While AI can automate the generation of nutritional plans and health tracking, the core of the profession relies on patient relationship management and personalized behavioral guidance that remains human-centric.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2266 Audiologists and speech therapists (Level 4)", "slug": "2266-audiologists-and-speech-therapists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 49764, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1864, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves significant interpersonal, physical, and diagnostic work that requires real-time human interaction and clinical judgment. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, data analysis, and generating therapy materials, the core of the profession relies on direct patient care and physical assessment that cannot be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2269 Health professionals not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "2269-health-professionals-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 55392, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3806, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This category includes diverse health professionals like speech therapists and audiologists who rely on both technical knowledge and direct, physical patient interaction. While AI can assist with diagnostic data analysis and documentation, the core of the work requires human-centric, real-time physical presence and therapeutic judgment that remains difficult to automate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2310 University and higher education teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2310-university-and-higher-education-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 61764, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 18543, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "University teaching involves significant knowledge work, content creation, and administrative tasks that are highly susceptible to AI augmentation and automation. However, the role retains a strong requirement for human-centric interaction, mentorship, and complex pedagogical judgment that limits full replacement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2320 Vocational education teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2320-vocational-education-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 54600, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 14268, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Vocational education involves significant knowledge work, such as lesson planning, grading, and curriculum development, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and augmentation. However, the core of the role requires physical presence, hands-on instruction, and interpersonal mentorship, which act as a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "233.  (Not more specifically classified) Secondary education teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "233-not-more-specifically-classified-secondary-education-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Secondary education teaching involves significant knowledge work, such as lesson planning, grading, and content creation, which are increasingly supported by AI tools. However, the core of the profession requires complex human interaction, classroom management, and emotional intelligence, which remain difficult for AI to replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2330 Secondary education teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2330-secondary-education-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 56172, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 24007, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Secondary education teaching is knowledge-intensive and involves significant digital preparation, grading, and administrative tasks that are highly susceptible to AI augmentation. However, the core of the profession relies on human-centric interaction, classroom management, and pedagogical judgment, which remain difficult for AI to fully replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "234.  (Not more specifically classified) Primary school and early childhood teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "234-not-more-specifically-classified-primary-school-and-early-childhood-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "While the core of the job involves essential human interaction, emotional intelligence, and physical presence in a classroom, the preparation, administrative, and instructional design aspects are highly susceptible to AI augmentation. AI tools can significantly streamline lesson planning, grading, and personalized content creation, shifting the teacher's role toward facilitation and mentorship.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2341 Primary school teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2341-primary-school-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 50100, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 28744, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Primary school teaching involves significant interpersonal interaction, emotional intelligence, and physical presence, which are difficult to automate. However, AI is increasingly capable of assisting with lesson planning, grading, and personalized content creation, which will significantly reshape the administrative and preparatory aspects of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2342 Early childhood educators (Level 4)", "slug": "2342-early-childhood-educators-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 38772, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 22713, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Early childhood education relies heavily on physical presence, emotional labor, and real-time human interaction, which are difficult for AI to replicate. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, lesson planning, and documentation, the core of the job remains centered on the physical care and social development of children.", "url": ""}, {"title": "235.  (Not more specifically classified) Other teaching professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "235-not-more-specifically-classified-other-teaching-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves knowledge work, curriculum development, and communication, which are increasingly supported by AI tools for lesson planning and content generation. However, the core of the profession remains rooted in human-centric interaction, pedagogy, and real-time classroom management, which limits the extent to which AI can replace the human element.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2351 Education methods specialists (Level 4)", "slug": "2351-education-methods-specialists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 48168, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6792, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Education methods specialists perform knowledge-intensive work involving curriculum design, pedagogical research, and digital content creation, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and augmentation. While the role requires human judgment and educational expertise, the core tasks are increasingly supported by generative AI tools that can draft materials and analyze learning data, leading to significant shifts in how the profession operates.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2352 Special needs teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2352-special-needs-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 53892, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9681, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Special needs teaching involves significant interpersonal interaction, emotional intelligence, and physical presence, which are difficult for AI to replicate. However, the role involves substantial digital knowledge work, such as creating individualized education plans, documenting progress, and preparing learning materials, where AI tools can significantly enhance productivity.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2353 Other language teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2353-other-language-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 44400, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 325, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Language teaching involves significant knowledge work and digital communication, making it highly susceptible to AI-driven curriculum generation, automated grading, and real-time translation tools. While the pedagogical and interpersonal aspects of teaching provide a buffer, the core task of language instruction is increasingly being augmented or replaced by sophisticated AI language models.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2354 Other music teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2354-other-music-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 42312, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2554, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Music teaching requires significant real-time, physical human interaction and personalized pedagogical feedback that AI cannot replicate. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, lesson planning, or music theory exercises, the core of the profession relies on physical presence and human mentorship.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2355 Other arts teachers (Level 4)", "slug": "2355-other-arts-teachers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 36000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1530, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Arts teaching involves significant interpersonal interaction, physical demonstration, and subjective feedback that AI cannot fully replicate. However, the occupation is highly exposed to AI tools for lesson planning, curriculum development, and the creation of digital instructional materials, which will fundamentally reshape how these teachers prepare and deliver content.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2356 Information technology trainers (Level 4)", "slug": "2356-information-technology-trainers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 48504, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 158, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "As information technology trainers, the core tasks involve creating digital training materials, explaining technical concepts, and managing online learning environments, all of which are highly susceptible to AI automation and augmentation. While the delivery of training requires human communication, the content creation and technical support aspects are increasingly being handled by AI-driven platforms and intelligent tutoring systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2359 Teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "2359-teaching-professionals-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 43260, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 11762, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves specialized knowledge work, curriculum development, and instructional design, which are increasingly supported by AI-driven educational tools. While the role requires significant human interaction and pedagogical judgment that cannot be fully automated, the core tasks of content creation and information synthesis are highly susceptible to AI augmentation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2411 Accountants (Level 4)", "slug": "2411-accountants-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 60240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 19044, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Accounting is a predominantly digital profession involving data analysis, financial reporting, and regulatory compliance, all of which are core domains for AI automation. While human judgment is required for complex advisory tasks, the majority of routine bookkeeping, reconciliation, and auditing processes are highly susceptible to AI-driven restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2412 Financial and investment advisers (Level 4)", "slug": "2412-financial-and-investment-advisers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 64932, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5185, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Financial and investment advising is a highly digital, information-intensive profession where AI excels at data analysis, portfolio optimization, and market forecasting. While human judgment and client relationship management remain important, the core analytical and reporting tasks are increasingly being automated or augmented by AI, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2413 Financial analysts (Level 4)", "slug": "2413-financial-analysts-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 66060, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1273, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Financial analysis is a highly digital, data-intensive profession involving tasks like financial modeling, report writing, and trend forecasting, all of which are core strengths of current AI models. The occupation is almost entirely computer-based, making it highly susceptible to automation and significant restructuring as AI tools become more adept at processing complex financial datasets.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2421 Management and organization analysts (Level 4)", "slug": "2421-management-and-organization-analysts-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 67296, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 19055, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Management and organization analysts perform knowledge-intensive work that is almost entirely digital, involving data analysis, report writing, and strategic planning. These core tasks are highly susceptible to automation and augmentation by AI, which can process large datasets and generate insights faster than human analysts.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2422 Policy administration professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2422-policy-administration-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 55992, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 21451, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Policy administration is primarily knowledge-based, involving extensive document analysis, report writing, and regulatory research, all of which are highly susceptible to AI automation. While human judgment is required for policy nuance, the core tasks are digital and can be significantly augmented or streamlined by large language models.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2423 Personnel and careers professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2423-personnel-and-careers-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 54360, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9776, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Personnel and careers professionals perform predominantly digital knowledge work involving recruitment, data analysis, and administrative communication, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and augmentation. While the role requires human judgment for interpersonal conflict resolution and talent assessment, the core tasks of screening, scheduling, and documentation are increasingly handled by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2424 Training and staff development professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2424-training-and-staff-development-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 52380, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2957, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant knowledge work, including content creation, curriculum design, and data analysis, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and augmentation. While human facilitation and interpersonal coaching remain important, the core tasks of developing and structuring training materials are increasingly being handled by generative AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "243.  (Not more specifically classified) Sales, marketing and public relations professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "243-not-more-specifically-classified-sales-marketing-and-public-relations-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is heavily centered on digital content creation, data analysis, and strategic communication, all of which are primary domains for generative AI. While human judgment and relationship management remain important, the core tasks of drafting copy, analyzing market trends, and managing campaigns are increasingly being automated or augmented by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2431 Advertising and marketing professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2431-advertising-and-marketing-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 55440, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 18105, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Advertising and marketing professionals perform predominantly digital knowledge work, including content creation, data analysis, and campaign strategy, all of which are core domains for generative AI. While human judgment and creative strategy remain important, AI tools are rapidly automating the production of copy, imagery, and performance analytics, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2432 Public relations professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2432-public-relations-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 52056, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6703, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is heavily centered on digital content creation, data analysis, and communication, all of which are primary domains for generative AI. While human strategy and relationship management remain important, the core tasks of drafting copy, analyzing market trends, and managing digital campaigns are increasingly being automated or augmented by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2433 Technical and medical sales professionals (excluding ICT) (Level 4)", "slug": "2433-technical-and-medical-sales-professionals-excluding-ict-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 67680, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9342, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant knowledge work, including data analysis, CRM management, and communication, which are increasingly supported by AI tools for lead generation and personalized outreach. However, the core of the job relies on high-stakes interpersonal relationships, complex negotiation, and physical presence, which provide a buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2434 Information and communications technology sales professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2434-information-and-communications-technology-sales-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 67236, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5117, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role is heavily reliant on digital communication, CRM management, and data analysis, all of which are primary targets for AI-driven automation and augmentation. While the job requires human relationship building and negotiation, AI tools are rapidly transforming lead generation, sales outreach, and market analysis, significantly reshaping the core workflow.", "url": ""}, {"title": "25..  (Not more specifically classified) Information and communications technology professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "25-not-more-specifically-classified-information-and-communications-technology-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely digital, involving coding, system architecture, and data analysis, all of which are primary domains for AI advancement. AI tools are already capable of generating code, debugging, and automating documentation, leading to a fundamental restructuring of how these professionals perform their core tasks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "251.  (Not more specifically classified) Software and applications developers and analysts (Level 4)", "slug": "251-not-more-specifically-classified-software-and-applications-developers-and-analysts-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Software development is a fundamentally digital profession where AI tools like LLMs are already capable of generating, debugging, and refactoring code. The occupation is undergoing rapid restructuring as AI shifts the developer's role from manual coding to system architecture, oversight, and complex problem-solving.", "url": ""}, {"title": "252.  (Not more specifically classified) Database and network professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "252-not-more-specifically-classified-database-and-network-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Database and network professionals perform work that is almost entirely digital, involving system architecture, coding, and data management. AI tools are already highly capable of automating routine maintenance, security monitoring, and script generation, leading to significant restructuring of these roles.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2511 Systems analysts (Level 4)", "slug": "2511-systems-analysts-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 67152, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 23643, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 8, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Systems analysis is a highly digital, knowledge-intensive role involving requirements gathering, documentation, and architectural design, all of which are core domains for generative AI. AI tools are already capable of automating significant portions of code generation, system modeling, and technical documentation, leading to a major restructuring of the occupation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2512 Software developers (Level 4)", "slug": "2512-software-developers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 60240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 35435, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Software development is a fully digital profession where core tasks like coding, debugging, and system architecture are increasingly automated by LLMs and AI-assisted coding tools. The occupation is undergoing rapid restructuring as AI significantly enhances productivity and shifts the developer's role toward high-level system design and AI orchestration.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2513 Web and multimedia developers (Level 4)", "slug": "2513-web-and-multimedia-developers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 60000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2022, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Web and multimedia development is a fully digital profession where core tasks like coding, debugging, and content generation are increasingly automated by LLMs and AI-assisted development tools. The occupation is undergoing rapid restructuring as AI shifts the role from manual coding to system architecture and prompt-based development.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2514 Applications programmers (Level 4)", "slug": "2514-applications-programmers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 54852, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2815, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "As a role centered entirely on digital output, software development is highly susceptible to AI-driven code generation, debugging, and architectural assistance. The core tasks of this occupation are rapidly being automated or augmented by LLMs, leading to a fundamental restructuring of how programming work is performed.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2519 Software and applications developers and analysts not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "2519-software-and-applications-developers-and-analysts-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 62400, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7296, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely digital, involving coding, system architecture, and technical analysis, which are core domains where AI models currently excel. AI tools are rapidly automating code generation, debugging, and documentation, leading to a fundamental restructuring of how software development tasks are performed.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2521 Database designers and administrators (Level 4)", "slug": "2521-database-designers-and-administrators-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 47064, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3779, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 7, "outlook_desc": "Good prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Database administration and design are almost entirely digital tasks involving coding, query optimization, and system architecture, all of which are primary targets for AI automation. AI tools are already highly capable of generating SQL, automating database maintenance, and identifying performance bottlenecks, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2522 Systems administrators (Level 4)", "slug": "2522-systems-administrators-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 59316, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4048, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Systems administration is a highly digital role centered on managing infrastructure, monitoring logs, and automating deployments, all of which are primary targets for AI-driven automation and AIOps. While human judgment is required for complex architectural decisions and incident response, the core tasks are increasingly handled by intelligent agents and predictive analytics.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2523 Computer network professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2523-computer-network-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 66000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1695, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital and involves tasks like network configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting that are increasingly automated by AI-driven infrastructure-as-code and predictive maintenance tools. As network management shifts toward autonomous systems, the core responsibilities of this occupation face significant restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2529 Database and network professionals not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "2529-database-and-network-professionals-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 66300, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3133, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, involving the management, configuration, and troubleshooting of network and database systems. AI tools are already highly capable of automating code generation, system monitoring, and diagnostic tasks, leading to significant restructuring of these technical workflows.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2611 Lawyers (Level 4)", "slug": "2611-lawyers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 72000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6862, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Legal work is heavily centered on information processing, document drafting, and complex analysis, all of which are primary domains for current AI advancement. While human judgment and courtroom presence remain essential, AI tools are rapidly automating legal research, contract review, and case preparation, leading to significant restructuring of the profession.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2612 Judges (Level 4)", "slug": "2612-judges-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 1611, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Judicial work involves extensive analysis of legal documents, case law, and evidence, which are domains where AI is increasingly capable of assisting with research and summarization. However, the role requires high-level human judgment, ethical reasoning, and courtroom presence, which act as significant barriers to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2619 Legal professionals not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "2619-legal-professionals-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 2942, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves high-level knowledge work, including legal research, document drafting, and complex analysis, all of which are primary domains for AI advancement. Because the work is almost entirely digital and relies on processing large volumes of information, AI tools are poised to significantly restructure core tasks and increase productivity.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2621 Archivists and curators (Level 4)", "slug": "2621-archivists-and-curators-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 41760, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1707, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Librarians and archivists perform significant knowledge work involving information management, cataloging, and research, which are increasingly automated by AI-driven search and classification tools. However, the role retains a strong interpersonal and physical component related to community engagement, physical collection management, and specialized human-led curation that limits full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2622 Librarians and related information professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2622-librarians-and-related-information-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 42096, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2485, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Librarians perform significant knowledge work involving information organization, research, and digital database management, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation. While the role retains a human-centric component regarding community engagement and physical collection management, the core information-processing tasks are increasingly being reshaped by AI search and retrieval technologies.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2631 Economists (Level 4)", "slug": "2631-economists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 58980, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1611, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Economists perform knowledge-intensive work that is almost entirely digital, involving data analysis, forecasting, and report writing. These core tasks are highly susceptible to automation through advanced machine learning models and generative AI, which can rapidly process large datasets and draft complex economic insights.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2632 Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2632-sociologists-anthropologists-and-related-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 48072, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1724, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role is predominantly knowledge-based, involving significant amounts of data analysis, report writing, and literature synthesis, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation. While the occupation requires human judgment for qualitative research and ethical considerations, AI tools are rapidly transforming the core tasks of data processing and drafting.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2633 Philosophers, historians and political scientists (Level 4)", "slug": "2633-philosophers-historians-and-political-scientists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 45720, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1049, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily knowledge-based, involving extensive research, writing, and analytical synthesis, all of which are domains where AI is increasingly capable. While the role requires high-level human judgment, critical thinking, and original interpretation that AI cannot fully replicate, the core tasks of information processing and drafting are highly susceptible to AI-driven productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2634 Psychologists (Level 4)", "slug": "2634-psychologists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 53436, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5743, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "While psychologists perform knowledge-based work that involves data analysis and report writing, the core of the profession relies on human empathy, complex interpersonal dynamics, and real-time therapeutic interaction. AI can assist with administrative tasks and diagnostic support, but the fundamental requirement for human presence and emotional intelligence creates a significant barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2635 Social work and counselling professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2635-social-work-and-counselling-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 49896, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 15635, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Social work involves significant interpersonal, emotional, and physical interaction that AI cannot replicate, providing a strong barrier to automation. However, the role involves substantial documentation, case management, and information processing tasks that are highly susceptible to AI-driven efficiency gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2636 Religious professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "2636-religious-professionals-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 50712, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2702, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves a significant amount of knowledge work, such as research, counseling, and administrative tasks, which are increasingly susceptible to AI assistance. However, the core of the role relies heavily on human empathy, complex interpersonal relationships, and community presence, which remain difficult for AI to replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2641 Authors and related writers (Level 4)", "slug": "2641-authors-and-related-writers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 45336, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 787, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this occupation\u2014writing, drafting, and content creation\u2014are entirely digital and represent the primary domain where Large Language Models excel. AI tools can already generate, edit, and structure text, leading to a fundamental restructuring of the creative writing and professional authorship process.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2642 Journalists (Level 4)", "slug": "2642-journalists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 52188, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6427, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this occupation\u2014writing, editing, translating, and content creation\u2014are entirely digital and represent the primary domains where generative AI excels. These roles face significant restructuring as AI tools can now draft, summarize, and translate text with high proficiency, fundamentally altering the nature of the work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2643 Translators, interpreters and other linguists (Level 4)", "slug": "2643-translators-interpreters-and-other-linguists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 44388, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3763, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Translation and linguistic work are almost entirely digital and represent a primary domain where Large Language Models have demonstrated high proficiency. The core tasks of text processing, syntax analysis, and cross-lingual communication are being rapidly automated, leading to a fundamental restructuring of the profession.", "url": ""}, {"title": "265.  (Not more specifically classified) Creative and performing artists (Level 4)", "slug": "265-not-more-specifically-classified-creative-and-performing-artists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Creative and performing artists engage in high-level knowledge work that is increasingly impacted by generative AI tools capable of producing text, imagery, and audio. While the core of artistic expression often relies on human intent and physical performance, the production process is becoming heavily digitized and susceptible to AI-driven augmentation and automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2651 Visual artists (Level 4)", "slug": "2651-visual-artists-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 39624, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 979, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Visual artists are increasingly exposed to AI tools that can generate, manipulate, and refine imagery, which directly impacts core creative tasks. While artistic intent and human judgment remain critical, the digital nature of the work makes it highly susceptible to automation and significant workflow restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2652 Musicians, singers and composers (Level 4)", "slug": "2652-musicians-singers-and-composers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 43200, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3823, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "While music composition and production are increasingly supported by AI tools, the core of the profession relies on human performance, artistic expression, and live interaction. AI can assist in the creative process, but it cannot replace the unique human element and physical presence required for live musical performance and interpretation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2653 Dancers and choreographers (Level 4)", "slug": "2653-dancers-and-choreographers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 40872, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 367, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work of dancers and choreographers is fundamentally physical, relying on human movement, artistic expression, and real-time performance. While AI can assist with peripheral tasks like music composition or movement visualization, it cannot replace the core requirement of physical presence and human artistry.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2654 Film, stage and related directors and producers (Level 4)", "slug": "2654-film-stage-and-related-directors-and-producers-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 49440, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2922, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "While the creative vision and leadership required for directing are deeply human-centric, the occupation involves significant digital workflows in planning, script analysis, and post-production management. AI tools are increasingly capable of assisting with pre-visualization, scheduling, and editing, which will reshape the efficiency and technical execution of these roles.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2655 Actors (Level 4)", "slug": "2655-actors-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 42024, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1151, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "While acting requires unique human emotional expression and physical presence, the industry is experiencing high exposure due to AI-driven advancements in digital synthesis, voice cloning, and CGI. These technologies are increasingly automating background roles and post-production tasks, fundamentally reshaping the creative process and labor demand in the sector.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2656 Announcers on radio, television and other media (Level 4)", "slug": "2656-announcers-on-radio-television-and-other-media-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 49812, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 146, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Announcers perform knowledge-based work involving script preparation, research, and communication, which are increasingly susceptible to AI-driven content generation and voice synthesis. While the role requires human presence and personality, AI tools are rapidly automating the production, editing, and even the delivery aspects of media broadcasting.", "url": ""}, {"title": "2659 Creative and performing artists not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "2659-creative-and-performing-artists-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "2", "pay": 39732, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 509, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Bachelor's degree", "work_experience": "2-4 years", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "While creative work involves human expression and subjective judgment that AI cannot fully replicate, the occupation is increasingly exposed to generative AI tools for drafting, ideation, and production. The digital nature of many creative outputs means AI can significantly augment or automate parts of the workflow, though the core requirement for human vision and originality remains a strong anchor.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3111 Chemical and physical science technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3111-chemical-and-physical-science-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 38604, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 329, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of physical laboratory work, sample preparation, and equipment maintenance, which are difficult to automate. However, the data analysis, documentation, and reporting components are increasingly susceptible to AI-driven automation and software integration.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3112 Civil engineering technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3112-civil-engineering-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 48204, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7655, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Civil engineering technicians perform a mix of digital knowledge work, such as CAD drafting and technical documentation, and physical site inspections. While the digital components are highly susceptible to AI-driven design and analysis tools, the requirement for on-site verification and physical project coordination provides a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3113 Electrical engineering technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3113-electrical-engineering-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 53448, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3850, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Electrical engineering technicians perform a mix of technical knowledge work and hands-on physical tasks such as testing, installation, and maintenance. While AI can assist with documentation, circuit design, and diagnostic analysis, the core requirement for physical presence and manual interaction with hardware provides a significant barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3114 Electronics engineering technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3114-electronics-engineering-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 53520, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2788, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Electronics engineering technicians perform a mix of digital knowledge work, such as circuit design and simulation, and physical tasks like testing and repairing hardware. While AI can significantly accelerate the design and diagnostic phases, the requirement for physical interaction with hardware and troubleshooting in real-world environments limits the total automation potential.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3115 Mechanical engineering technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3115-mechanical-engineering-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 52776, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13524, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Mechanical engineering technicians perform a mix of digital design, documentation, and physical testing or oversight. While AI tools are rapidly automating drafting, simulation, and technical reporting, the role still requires physical interaction with machinery and on-site problem-solving that limits full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3116 Chemical engineering technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3116-chemical-engineering-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 50844, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2098, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Chemical engineering technicians perform a mix of laboratory analysis, data monitoring, and physical equipment maintenance. While AI can significantly enhance data processing and predictive maintenance, the role requires physical presence for sample handling, equipment calibration, and safety oversight in industrial environments.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3117 Mining and metallurgical technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3117-mining-and-metallurgical-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 51216, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1166, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of technical knowledge work and physical site-based tasks, such as monitoring equipment and conducting on-site inspections. While AI can assist with data analysis, predictive maintenance, and process optimization, the requirement for physical presence and hands-on operational oversight in a mining environment limits the scope of automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3118 Draughtspersons (Level 4)", "slug": "3118-draughtspersons-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 42696, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2078, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Draughting is a highly digital profession centered on CAD software, which is increasingly being integrated with generative AI for automated design, 3D modeling, and error checking. Because the core output is digital and rule-based, AI tools are rapidly automating the most time-consuming aspects of technical drawing and documentation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3119 Physical and engineering science technicians not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "3119-physical-and-engineering-science-technicians-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 48372, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13896, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves technical data collection, testing, and analysis, which are increasingly supported by AI-driven diagnostic tools and automated reporting software. While the job requires physical presence for equipment handling and site inspections, the core analytical and documentation tasks are highly susceptible to AI-assisted productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3121 Mining supervisors (Level 4)", "slug": "3121-mining-supervisors-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 57876, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 273, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Mining supervisors perform a mix of physical, on-site management and operational oversight that requires real-time human judgment in unpredictable environments. While AI can assist with data analysis, safety monitoring, and scheduling, the core requirement of physical presence and hands-on supervision in a hazardous environment limits the potential for full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3122 Manufacturing supervisors (Level 4)", "slug": "3122-manufacturing-supervisors-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 51108, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5889, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Manufacturing supervisors balance physical oversight of production floors with digital tasks like scheduling, reporting, and resource management. While AI can optimize workflows and predictive maintenance, the core requirement for on-site human judgment, team management, and real-time physical problem-solving limits the extent of automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3123 Construction supervisors (Level 4)", "slug": "3123-construction-supervisors-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 55596, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 10092, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a blend of on-site physical supervision and digital administrative tasks like reporting, scheduling, and resource management. While AI can significantly optimize logistics, planning, and safety monitoring, the core requirement for physical presence and real-time human judgment in unpredictable industrial environments limits the overall exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3131 Power production plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "3131-power-production-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 63192, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1125, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Power plant operators work in a physical environment requiring real-time monitoring and manual intervention, which provides a natural barrier to full automation. However, the role is increasingly digital, with AI systems already capable of optimizing energy output and predictive maintenance, leading to moderate exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3132 Incinerator and water treatment plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "3132-incinerator-and-water-treatment-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 48252, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1250, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves monitoring and operating physical machinery and chemical processes in a plant environment, which requires significant physical presence and manual intervention. While AI can assist with predictive maintenance and data analysis of sensor inputs, the core tasks of equipment maintenance and physical plant management remain largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3133 Chemical processing plant controllers (Level 4)", "slug": "3133-chemical-processing-plant-controllers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 48684, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 740, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "While the role involves monitoring digital control systems and data, it is tied to a physical industrial environment that requires human oversight for safety, maintenance, and emergency response. AI can enhance process optimization and predictive maintenance, but the physical nature of the plant and the need for human accountability in high-stakes chemical processing limit the potential for full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3134 Petroleum and natural gas refining plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "3134-petroleum-and-natural-gas-refining-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 40, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves monitoring and controlling complex physical machinery in a hazardous industrial environment, requiring real-time human oversight and physical presence. While AI can assist in predictive maintenance and process optimization, the core tasks of managing physical plant operations and responding to unpredictable mechanical or safety events remain largely outside the scope of automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3135 Metal production process controllers (Level 4)", "slug": "3135-metal-production-process-controllers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 881, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves monitoring and controlling physical industrial processes, which requires human presence for safety and real-time intervention in unpredictable environments. While AI can optimize process parameters and predictive maintenance, the core task of overseeing heavy machinery and physical production remains largely outside the scope of full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3139 Process control technicians not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "3139-process-control-technicians-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 55788, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1298, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Process control technicians work in digital environments monitoring and adjusting automated systems, which makes them highly susceptible to AI-driven predictive maintenance and autonomous optimization. While the role requires physical presence for equipment maintenance and troubleshooting, the core analytical and monitoring tasks are increasingly being handled by intelligent software.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3141 Life science technicians (excluding medical) (Level 4)", "slug": "3141-life-science-technicians-excluding-medical-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 38436, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4064, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of physical laboratory work, sample handling, and data analysis. While the analytical and reporting components are increasingly susceptible to AI automation, the core requirement for manual laboratory procedures and physical experimentation provides a significant barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3142 Agricultural technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3142-agricultural-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 41724, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1366, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Agricultural technicians perform a mix of field-based physical monitoring and digital data analysis. While AI can significantly enhance their ability to process sensor data and optimize crop management, the core of the role requires physical presence and site-specific judgment that cannot be fully automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3143 Forestry technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3143-forestry-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 45768, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1255, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Forestry technicians perform a significant amount of field-based work, including surveying, monitoring, and managing forest operations, which requires physical presence and environmental judgment. While AI can assist with data analysis from remote sensing or drone imagery, the core of the job remains tied to physical site management and hands-on technical tasks that are difficult to automate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3151 Ships' engineers (Level 4)", "slug": "3151-ships-engineers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 75180, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 367, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a ship's engineer is primarily physical and mechanical, requiring hands-on maintenance and real-time intervention in a complex, unpredictable maritime environment. While AI may assist with predictive maintenance and diagnostic monitoring, the core tasks of physical repair and operational safety remain heavily dependent on human presence and manual skill.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3152 Ships' deck officers and pilots (Level 4)", "slug": "3152-ships-deck-officers-and-pilots-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 72312, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1328, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "While ships' deck officers and pilots utilize digital navigation and monitoring systems, the core of the role requires physical presence, real-time decision-making in unpredictable maritime environments, and complex manual operations. AI can assist with route optimization and predictive maintenance, but the safety-critical nature of the job and the need for human oversight in physical navigation provide a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3153 Aircraft pilots and related associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3153-aircraft-pilots-and-related-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 96648, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1269, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "While flight systems are highly automated, the role requires critical real-time physical intervention, complex decision-making in unpredictable environments, and ultimate responsibility for passenger safety. AI serves as a powerful support tool for navigation and monitoring, but the core requirement for human presence and physical control remains a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3154 Air traffic controllers (Level 4)", "slug": "3154-air-traffic-controllers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 261, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "While air traffic control involves high-stakes, real-time decision-making and human oversight that currently requires physical presence, the role is increasingly supported by advanced digital automation and AI-driven predictive systems. AI exposure is moderate because, while the core safety-critical tasks remain human-led, the information processing and traffic management components are being significantly augmented by AI technologies.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3155 Air traffic safety electronics technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3155-air-traffic-safety-electronics-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 36, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves specialized technical maintenance of physical electronic systems, which requires on-site presence and manual intervention. While AI can assist in predictive maintenance and diagnostic data analysis, the critical nature of aviation safety necessitates human oversight and physical hardware interaction that limits automation potential.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3211 Medical imaging and therapeutic equipment technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3211-medical-imaging-and-therapeutic-equipment-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 42684, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3080, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a significant physical component, requiring the operation of specialized medical equipment and direct patient interaction. While AI is increasingly capable of assisting in image analysis and diagnostic support, the necessity for physical positioning of patients and real-time clinical oversight limits the potential for full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3212 Medical and pathology laboratory technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3212-medical-and-pathology-laboratory-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 40320, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4974, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of physical laboratory tasks, such as sample preparation and equipment maintenance, and digital tasks like data entry and analysis. While AI can significantly enhance the diagnostic and data-processing aspects, the physical requirement for handling biological samples and operating specialized machinery provides a natural barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3213 Pharmaceutical technicians and assistants (Level 4)", "slug": "3213-pharmaceutical-technicians-and-assistants-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 42792, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5660, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Pharmaceutical technicians perform a mix of routine digital tasks, such as inventory management and prescription processing, and physical tasks like medication preparation and patient interaction. While AI can automate administrative and data-heavy workflows, the requirement for physical accuracy, safety oversight, and in-person patient counseling provides a significant barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3214 Medical and dental prosthetic technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3214-medical-and-dental-prosthetic-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 38856, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 911, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of manual craftsmanship and digital design, as technicians increasingly use CAD/CAM software to create prosthetics. While the digital design portion is highly susceptible to AI automation, the physical fabrication and final fitting processes require specialized manual skill and physical presence that remain difficult to automate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3221 Nursing associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3221-nursing-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 42468, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 74825, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Nursing associate professionals perform tasks that require significant physical presence, manual dexterity, and real-time human interaction in unpredictable clinical environments. While AI can assist with administrative documentation and data analysis, the core of the role involves direct patient care and physical monitoring that cannot be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3222 Midwifery associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3222-midwifery-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 47364, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2280, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 6, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant physical, hands-on patient care and real-time clinical judgment that cannot be automated. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, documentation, and diagnostic support, the core requirement for human presence and physical interaction provides a strong barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3230 Traditional and complementary medicine associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3230-traditional-and-complementary-medicine-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 94, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves hands-on, physical, and interpersonal interaction with patients, which creates a significant barrier to AI automation. While AI may assist with administrative tasks or provide supplementary information, the core of the work requires physical presence and human-centric care.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3240 Veterinary technicians and assistants (Level 4)", "slug": "3240-veterinary-technicians-and-assistants-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 206, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Veterinary technicians perform essential physical and hands-on tasks, such as animal handling, administering treatments, and assisting in surgeries, which are difficult to automate. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, diagnostic imaging analysis, and record-keeping, the core of the job requires physical presence and real-time interaction with animals.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3251 Dental assistants and therapists (Level 4)", "slug": "3251-dental-assistants-and-therapists-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 38616, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1896, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role is primarily physical and requires real-time, hands-on interaction with patients in a clinical setting, which creates a significant barrier to automation. While AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or record-keeping, the core clinical responsibilities remain dependent on human dexterity and interpersonal care.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3254 Dispensing opticians (Level 4)", "slug": "3254-dispensing-opticians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 45048, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1459, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves a significant amount of physical, face-to-face interaction with customers for fitting and adjusting eyewear, which provides a natural barrier to automation. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, inventory management, and potentially optimizing lens measurements, the core requirement for physical presence and interpersonal service remains essential.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3255 Physiotherapy technicians and assistants (Level 4)", "slug": "3255-physiotherapy-technicians-and-assistants-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 37308, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9744, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role is primarily physical and requires direct, hands-on interaction with patients to perform therapeutic exercises and treatments. While AI may assist with administrative tasks or scheduling, it cannot replace the manual skill, physical presence, and real-time human judgment required for patient care.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3257 Environmental and occupational health inspectors and associates (Level 4)", "slug": "3257-environmental-and-occupational-health-inspectors-and-associates-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 49800, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1744, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of physical site inspections and knowledge-based reporting, requiring human judgment and on-site presence that AI cannot currently replicate. While AI can significantly streamline the documentation, data analysis, and regulatory compliance aspects of the job, the core requirement for physical verification and interpersonal enforcement remains a barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3258 Ambulance workers (Level 4)", "slug": "3258-ambulance-workers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 49140, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3558, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Ambulance work is primarily physical, requiring real-time human intervention, manual skills, and complex decision-making in unpredictable, high-stakes physical environments. While AI may assist with administrative tasks or diagnostic support, it cannot replace the core requirement of physical presence and patient care.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3259 Health associate professionals not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "3259-health-associate-professionals-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 37704, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2889, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of administrative health tasks and direct patient interaction, which limits the potential for full automation. While AI can assist with documentation, scheduling, and data processing, the core requirement for physical presence and human judgment in a healthcare setting remains a significant barrier.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3311 Securities and finance dealers and brokers (Level 4)", "slug": "3311-securities-and-finance-dealers-and-brokers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 64608, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1065, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, involving the analysis of financial data, market trends, and the execution of trades via computer systems. Because these core tasks are highly susceptible to automation through algorithmic trading and AI-driven predictive analytics, the occupation faces significant restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3312 Credit and loans officers (Level 4)", "slug": "3312-credit-and-loans-officers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 57000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3715, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Credit and loan officers perform predominantly digital, information-heavy work involving data analysis, risk assessment, and report generation, all of which are core domains for AI advancement. While human judgment is required for final approvals and client relationships, the analytical and documentation aspects of the role are highly susceptible to automation and AI-driven productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3313 Accounting associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3313-accounting-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 41640, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 20891, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Accounting associate professional tasks are primarily digital, involving data entry, reconciliation, and financial reporting, which are highly susceptible to automation by AI and specialized accounting software. Because the core work is performed entirely on a computer with structured data, AI tools can already handle a significant portion of these routine analytical and administrative functions.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3314 Statistical, mathematical and related associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3314-statistical-mathematical-and-related-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 29664, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 356, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves data processing, statistical analysis, and reporting, all of which are core domains where AI excels. Because the work is almost entirely digital and relies on structured information, AI tools can automate significant portions of the data manipulation and analytical tasks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3315 Valuers and loss assessors (Level 4)", "slug": "3315-valuers-and-loss-assessors-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 56004, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 411, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Valuers and loss assessors perform knowledge-intensive work involving data analysis, report writing, and regulatory compliance, all of which are highly susceptible to AI automation. While site visits require physical presence, the core analytical tasks of assessing risk and calculating values are increasingly being handled by AI-driven predictive models and automated documentation tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3321 Insurance representatives (Level 4)", "slug": "3321-insurance-representatives-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 53424, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4806, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Insurance representation is a knowledge-based role involving data analysis, communication, and document processing, all of which are highly susceptible to AI automation. While the job requires human relationship management and trust, AI tools are rapidly taking over the core tasks of risk assessment, policy generation, and customer inquiry handling.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3322 Commercial sales representatives (Level 4)", "slug": "3322-commercial-sales-representatives-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 55200, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 40583, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Commercial sales representatives perform significant knowledge work involving communication, data analysis, and CRM management, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and augmentation. While the role requires human relationship building and negotiation, AI tools are increasingly capable of handling lead generation, personalized outreach, and administrative tasks, fundamentally reshaping the profession.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3323 Buyers (Level 4)", "slug": "3323-buyers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 50676, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 8578, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Buyers perform predominantly digital knowledge work involving data analysis, contract management, and communication, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation. While the role requires human negotiation and relationship management, AI tools are increasingly capable of optimizing supply chains, predicting demand, and automating procurement workflows.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3324 Trade brokers (Level 4)", "slug": "3324-trade-brokers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 49320, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2055, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Trade brokers perform work that is primarily digital, involving data analysis, market monitoring, and communication via computer systems. Because these tasks rely heavily on information processing and pattern recognition, AI tools are highly capable of automating or significantly augmenting the core functions of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3331 Clearing and forwarding agents (Level 4)", "slug": "3331-clearing-and-forwarding-agents-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 44976, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1897, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "The work of clearing and forwarding agents is primarily digital, involving documentation, data entry, and communication within logistics software systems. These tasks are highly susceptible to automation through AI-driven document processing, predictive logistics, and automated regulatory compliance tools, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3332 Conference and event planners (Level 4)", "slug": "3332-conference-and-event-planners-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 41400, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 623, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Conference and event planning involves significant digital coordination, scheduling, and communication, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and optimization. While the role requires human judgment for negotiation and on-site management, the administrative and logistical planning components are increasingly being handled by AI tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3333 Employment agents and contractors (Level 4)", "slug": "3333-employment-agents-and-contractors-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 39384, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6710, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role is primarily digital, involving information processing, database management, and communication, all of which are highly susceptible to AI automation. While human judgment in matching candidates is valuable, AI tools are rapidly improving at screening, scheduling, and administrative tasks, leading to significant restructuring of the occupation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3334 Real estate agents and property managers (Level 4)", "slug": "3334-real-estate-agents-and-property-managers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 48744, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 11250, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Real estate agents and property managers perform a mix of digital knowledge work, such as documentation and market analysis, and interpersonal work involving physical site visits and client negotiations. While AI can automate administrative tasks and property listing generation, the core of the role relies on human trust, physical presence, and complex relationship management.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3339 Business services agents not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "3339-business-services-agents-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 51276, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7292, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves administrative and business support tasks that are primarily digital and information-based, making them highly susceptible to automation via AI. As these roles rely heavily on processing, organizing, and communicating business data, AI tools can significantly streamline or replace core functions.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3341 Office supervisors (Level 4)", "slug": "3341-office-supervisors-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 50244, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4829, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Office supervisors perform predominantly digital knowledge work, including scheduling, workflow coordination, and administrative oversight, all of which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation. While the role requires human judgment and team management, AI tools are rapidly assuming the core information-processing and organizational tasks that define this occupation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3342 Legal secretaries (Level 4)", "slug": "3342-legal-secretaries-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 36420, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1661, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Legal secretarial work is almost entirely digital, involving document preparation, scheduling, and information management, all of which are core domains for AI automation. Large language models and legal-tech tools are rapidly replacing the manual drafting and administrative tasks that define this role, leading to significant structural changes.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3343 Administrative and executive secretaries (Level 4)", "slug": "3343-administrative-and-executive-secretaries-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 40896, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9997, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Administrative and executive secretarial work is almost entirely digital, involving tasks like scheduling, correspondence, document preparation, and data management. These core functions are highly susceptible to automation by LLMs and intelligent office assistants, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3344 Medical secretaries (Level 4)", "slug": "3344-medical-secretaries-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 33348, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7154, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Medical secretaries perform predominantly digital tasks such as scheduling, transcribing medical notes, and managing patient records, all of which are highly susceptible to automation via LLMs and speech-to-text AI. While the role requires some human coordination, the core information-processing functions are increasingly being handled by specialized healthcare software and AI agents.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3351 Customs and border inspectors (Level 4)", "slug": "3351-customs-and-border-inspectors-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 46536, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3859, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Customs and border inspection involves significant physical presence and real-time human interaction, which limits AI automation. However, the role is increasingly reliant on digital data analysis, risk assessment, and document verification, where AI tools can significantly augment efficiency and decision-making.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3352 Government tax and excise officials (Level 4)", "slug": "3352-government-tax-and-excise-officials-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 2906, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "The work of tax and excise officials is primarily digital, involving the processing of structured data, regulatory compliance, and information analysis. While human judgment is required for complex audits and enforcement, AI is highly capable of automating routine verification, risk assessment, and document processing, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3353 Government social benefits officials (Level 4)", "slug": "3353-government-social-benefits-officials-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 38472, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6763, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "The work of a social benefits official is primarily digital, involving the processing of applications, verification of eligibility, and database management. These tasks are highly susceptible to automation through AI-driven document analysis, rule-based decision support, and automated communication systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3354 Government licensing officials (Level 4)", "slug": "3354-government-licensing-officials-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 37476, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1286, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Government licensing work is primarily digital, involving the processing of applications, verification of data, and adherence to standardized regulatory frameworks. These tasks are highly susceptible to automation through AI-driven document analysis, rule-based decision support, and automated workflow management.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3355 Police inspectors and detectives (Level 4)", "slug": "3355-police-inspectors-and-detectives-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 4938, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Police inspectors and detectives perform a mix of analytical knowledge work and critical physical, on-site investigative tasks that require human judgment and legal accountability. While AI can assist in processing evidence, surveillance data, and report writing, the core requirements of physical presence, witness interaction, and ethical decision-making in unpredictable environments limit the scope for automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3359 Regulatory government associate professionals not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "3359-regulatory-government-associate-professionals-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 52224, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 268, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant information processing, regulatory compliance, and administrative tasks that are highly susceptible to automation via AI. While the job requires human judgment for specific regulatory interpretations, the core work is digital and document-heavy, making it a prime candidate for AI-driven productivity gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3411 Police inspectors and detectives (Level 4)", "slug": "3411-police-inspectors-and-detectives-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 46656, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6795, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Police inspectors and detectives perform a mix of analytical knowledge work and critical physical, on-site investigative tasks that require human judgment and legal accountability. While AI can assist in processing evidence, surveillance data, and report writing, the core requirements of physical presence, witness interaction, and ethical decision-making in unpredictable environments limit the scope for automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3412 Social work associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3412-social-work-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 38484, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 33756, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Social work associate professionals perform essential interpersonal and physical tasks that require human empathy, real-time judgment, and presence in complex social environments. While AI can assist with documentation, reporting, and administrative efficiency, the core of the role involves direct human interaction and case management that cannot be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3413 Religious associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3413-religious-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 37380, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5319, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves significant information processing, documentation, and communication tasks that are increasingly susceptible to AI-driven automation and assistance. While the role requires human judgment and interpersonal interaction, the core administrative and analytical components are highly digital and prime for AI integration.", "url": ""}, {"title": "342.  (Not more specifically classified) Sports and fitness workers (Level 4)", "slug": "342-not-more-specifically-classified-sports-and-fitness-workers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Sports and fitness workers primarily rely on physical presence, manual instruction, and real-time interpersonal interaction to coach or train individuals. While AI can assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or basic workout planning, it cannot replace the core requirement of physical guidance and human motivation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3421 Athletes and sports players (Level 4)", "slug": "3421-athletes-and-sports-players-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 557, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The core of this occupation is physical performance, athletic training, and competition, which cannot be replaced or significantly automated by AI. While AI may assist in performance analytics or training optimization, the fundamental work product remains entirely physical.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3422 Sports coaches, instructors and officials (Level 4)", "slug": "3422-sports-coaches-instructors-and-officials-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 36540, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3422, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The core of this occupation relies on physical presence, real-time human interaction, and the ability to provide immediate, context-specific feedback in a sports environment. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, scheduling, or basic performance data analysis, it cannot replace the physical coaching, motivation, and interpersonal guidance required for the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3423 Fitness and recreation instructors and program leaders (Level 4)", "slug": "3423-fitness-and-recreation-instructors-and-program-leaders-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 34188, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7870, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The core of this occupation involves physical instruction, real-time human interaction, and monitoring of physical safety, which are difficult for AI to replicate. AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or basic program planning, but it cannot replace the essential physical presence and interpersonal guidance required for fitness instruction.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3431 Photographers (Level 4)", "slug": "3431-photographers-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 47784, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2205, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Photography is increasingly impacted by AI-driven image generation, automated editing, and sophisticated post-processing tools that handle tasks previously requiring manual expertise. While the physical act of capturing images in specific locations remains human-centric, the core value proposition of many commercial photography roles is being rapidly reshaped by digital synthesis and automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3432 Interior designers and decorators (Level 4)", "slug": "3432-interior-designers-and-decorators-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 36684, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1475, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Interior design is increasingly reliant on digital tools for 3D modeling, rendering, and space planning, all of which are being rapidly automated by generative AI. While the role requires human aesthetic judgment and client interaction, the core technical tasks of drafting and visualization are highly susceptible to AI-driven efficiency gains.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3433 Gallery, museum and library technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3433-gallery-museum-and-library-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 35160, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 596, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves significant digital information management, cataloging, and research, which are tasks increasingly supported by AI-driven metadata generation and search tools. While physical tasks like collection handling and visitor interaction remain, the core administrative and archival functions are highly susceptible to automation and AI-assisted workflows.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3434 Chefs (Level 4)", "slug": "3434-chefs-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 42240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1921, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a chef is fundamentally rooted in physical labor, sensory judgment, and manual skill in a kitchen environment. While AI can assist with peripheral tasks like inventory management or recipe optimization, it cannot replace the core physical execution and real-time human interaction required for professional culinary work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3435 Other artistic and cultural associate professionals (Level 4)", "slug": "3435-other-artistic-and-cultural-associate-professionals-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 40512, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1683, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves creative and cultural tasks that are increasingly susceptible to generative AI tools capable of producing text, images, and design concepts. While human judgment and artistic intent remain important, the core work is largely digital and highly vulnerable to automation and augmentation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "351.  (Not more specifically classified) Information and communications technology operations and user support technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "351-not-more-specifically-classified-information-and-communications-technology-operations-and-user-support-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, focusing on system monitoring, troubleshooting, and user support, all of which are primary targets for AI automation and intelligent ticketing systems. As AI-driven diagnostics and self-healing infrastructure become standard, the core tasks of this occupation face significant restructuring and potential displacement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3511 Information and communications technology operations technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3511-information-and-communications-technology-operations-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 51180, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2469, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, focusing on system monitoring, troubleshooting, and user support, all of which are primary targets for AI automation and intelligent ticketing systems. As AI-driven diagnostics and self-healing infrastructure become standard, the core tasks of this occupation face significant restructuring and potential displacement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3512 Information and communications technology user support technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3512-information-and-communications-technology-user-support-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 45588, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 12155, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, focusing on system monitoring, troubleshooting, and user support, all of which are primary targets for AI automation and intelligent ticketing systems. As AI-driven diagnostics and self-healing infrastructure become standard, the core tasks of this occupation face significant restructuring and potential displacement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3513 Computer network and systems technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3513-computer-network-and-systems-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 54780, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1796, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, involving the configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting of network systems. AI tools are increasingly capable of automating routine network diagnostics, script generation, and predictive maintenance, which directly impacts the core tasks of this occupation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3514 Web technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3514-web-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 51372, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1079, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Web technicians perform tasks that are almost entirely digital, involving server maintenance, website troubleshooting, and code-based configuration. These activities are highly susceptible to automation through AI-driven diagnostic tools, automated deployment pipelines, and intelligent infrastructure management.", "url": ""}, {"title": "352.  (Not more specifically classified) Telecommunications and broadcasting technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "352-not-more-specifically-classified-telecommunications-and-broadcasting-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of physical field work, such as installing and maintaining hardware, and digital diagnostic tasks. While AI can assist with remote monitoring and troubleshooting, the physical requirement for on-site repairs and infrastructure maintenance provides a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3521 Broadcasting and audio-visual technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3521-broadcasting-and-audio-visual-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 45048, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2299, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 5, "outlook_desc": "Moderate prospects", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Broadcasting and audio-visual technicians perform a mix of technical, hands-on equipment operation and digital post-production work. While the physical setup and real-time troubleshooting require human presence, the editing, signal processing, and content management aspects are increasingly being automated by AI-driven software tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "3522 Telecommunications engineering technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "3522-telecommunications-engineering-technicians-level-4", "category": "3", "pay": 58248, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1727, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves a mix of technical knowledge work and physical field tasks, such as installing and maintaining telecommunications equipment. While AI can assist with diagnostic analysis, network monitoring, and documentation, the requirement for physical site visits and manual hardware intervention provides a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "41..  (Not more specifically classified) General and keyboard clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "41-not-more-specifically-classified-general-and-keyboard-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "General and keyboard clerks perform tasks that are almost entirely digital, involving data entry, document processing, and routine administrative communication. These core functions are highly susceptible to automation by large language models and intelligent process automation tools, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4110 General office clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4110-general-office-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 35688, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4342, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "General office clerks perform tasks that are almost entirely digital, such as data entry, document processing, and administrative communication. These core functions are highly susceptible to automation by LLMs and robotic process automation, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4120 Secretaries (general) (Level 4)", "slug": "4120-secretaries-general-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 37320, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 27245, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Secretarial work is almost entirely digital, involving tasks like scheduling, document preparation, and communication that are primary targets for AI automation. Large language models and intelligent assistants can already perform most of these core administrative functions, leading to significant restructuring of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4131 Typists and word processing operators (Level 4)", "slug": "4131-typists-and-word-processing-operators-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 33348, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 611, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely digital and focused on routine information processing, which are the primary domains where AI excels. Modern large language models and speech-to-text technologies have already automated the core tasks of typing and word processing, leaving little room for human labor in this role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4132 Data entry clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4132-data-entry-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 33660, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 154, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 10, "exposure_rationale": "Data entry is a fully digital, routine information-processing task that is already being automated by OCR, intelligent document processing, and AI-driven data integration tools. The occupation has no physical component and relies entirely on tasks where AI currently demonstrates near-perfect proficiency.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4211 Bank tellers and related clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4211-bank-tellers-and-related-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 39876, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9374, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of bank tellers, such as processing transactions, data entry, and account management, are increasingly digitized and automated through self-service banking and AI-driven systems. As physical branch interactions decline, the role is shifting toward purely digital information processing, making it highly susceptible to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4212 Bookmakers, croupiers and related gaming workers (Level 4)", "slug": "4212-bookmakers-croupiers-and-related-gaming-workers-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 41184, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 422, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this role, such as calculating odds, managing transactions, and monitoring gaming activities, are increasingly being digitized and automated by algorithmic systems. While the physical presence of a croupier remains relevant in traditional casinos, the industry is rapidly shifting toward digital platforms where AI can perform these functions with higher efficiency and lower costs.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4213 Pawnbrokers and money-lenders (Level 4)", "slug": "4213-pawnbrokers-and-money-lenders-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 37320, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 133, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves significant information processing, financial assessment, and digital record-keeping, which are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and algorithmic risk assessment. While the job requires physical presence for item appraisal and customer interaction, the core administrative and lending decision-making tasks are increasingly being digitized and automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4214 Debt-collectors and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "4214-debt-collectors-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 35820, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1483, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "The work is almost entirely digital, involving data processing, communication, and administrative tasks that are highly susceptible to automation. AI tools can already handle routine debt collection correspondence, payment scheduling, and automated negotiation, significantly restructuring the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4221 Travel consultants and clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4221-travel-consultants-and-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 40296, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1371, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Travel consulting is a predominantly digital role involving information retrieval, itinerary planning, and booking, all of which are core strengths of current AI models. As consumers increasingly shift toward self-service AI platforms for travel planning, the traditional role of a travel clerk faces significant restructuring and automation pressure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4222 Contact centre information clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4222-contact-centre-information-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 32964, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3656, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital and involves routine information processing, which is highly susceptible to automation via advanced conversational AI and chatbots. The core tasks of answering queries and managing customer interactions are already being rapidly displaced by AI-driven self-service systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4223 Telephone switchboard operators (Level 4)", "slug": "4223-telephone-switchboard-operators-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 33336, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1111, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital and focused on routine information processing and communication, which are core domains for AI-driven automation. Modern interactive voice response (IVR) systems and AI-powered virtual assistants have already largely replaced the need for human switchboard operators.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4224 Hotel receptionists (Level 4)", "slug": "4224-hotel-receptionists-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 34020, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2131, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Hotel receptionists perform a mix of digital information processing and physical, interpersonal service. While AI can automate check-ins, bookings, and routine inquiries, the role requires real-time human presence for guest assistance, problem-solving, and physical hospitality tasks that cannot be fully digitized.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4225 Enquiry clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4225-enquiry-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 34800, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4962, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Enquiry clerks perform highly routine, digital information-processing tasks such as responding to queries and managing records. These functions are prime targets for automation via AI-powered chatbots and automated knowledge management systems, which can handle these interactions with high efficiency.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4226 Receptionists (general) (Level 4)", "slug": "4226-receptionists-general-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 33732, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4145, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Receptionist tasks are increasingly digital, involving scheduling, communication, and information management, which are highly susceptible to automation via AI-driven virtual assistants and automated booking systems. While some physical presence is required for greeting visitors, the core administrative functions are rapidly being replaced by intelligent software.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4227 Survey and market research interviewers (Level 4)", "slug": "4227-survey-and-market-research-interviewers-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 35508, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1822, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this occupation involve gathering and processing information, which is increasingly being automated through digital survey platforms, chatbots, and AI-driven data collection tools. As these roles are almost entirely digital and routine in nature, they face a very high risk of displacement by automated systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4229 Client information workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "4229-client-information-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 36552, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6437, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves routine information processing, communication, and administrative tasks that are primarily digital and highly susceptible to automation. As these roles rely on structured data handling and standardized client interactions, AI tools can already perform or significantly augment the majority of the core job functions.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4311 Accounting and bookkeeping clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4311-accounting-and-bookkeeping-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 37812, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 8532, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Accounting and bookkeeping tasks are highly structured, rule-based, and performed entirely within digital environments, making them prime candidates for full automation. AI tools are already capable of handling data entry, reconciliation, and financial reporting, which significantly reduces the need for manual human intervention in these core functions.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4312 Statistical, finance and insurance clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4312-statistical-finance-and-insurance-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 40932, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5468, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital, involving routine data processing, financial calculations, and record-keeping, all of which are primary targets for AI automation. Because the work is structured and computer-based, AI tools can already perform or significantly accelerate the majority of these tasks, leading to a high potential for restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4313 Payroll clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4313-payroll-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 37548, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5204, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Payroll processing is a highly structured, rule-based, and fully digital task that is already being heavily automated by specialized software. AI integration further streamlines data entry, tax calculation, and compliance reporting, leaving very little of the core function that cannot be handled by algorithmic systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4321 Stock clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4321-stock-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 41580, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5756, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Stock clerks perform routine, digital-heavy tasks such as inventory tracking, data entry, and supply chain management, which are increasingly automated by AI-driven warehouse management systems and predictive analytics. While there is a physical component to handling goods, the core information-processing aspects of the role are highly susceptible to AI-driven optimization and automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4322 Production clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4322-production-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 38388, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 597, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Production clerks perform highly routine, digital-centric tasks such as data entry, inventory tracking, and scheduling, which are primary targets for automation. Because the work is almost entirely computer-based and involves structured information processing, AI systems can already perform or significantly streamline these core functions.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4323 Transport clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4323-transport-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 44940, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6396, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves routine, digital-heavy tasks such as inventory management, data entry, and logistics documentation, which are highly susceptible to automation. AI and integrated software systems can already perform most of these information-processing duties with higher accuracy and speed than human clerks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4411 Library clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4411-library-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 32868, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3143, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Library clerks perform predominantly digital and administrative tasks such as cataloging, database management, and information retrieval, which are highly susceptible to automation. While the role involves some physical interaction with library materials and patrons, the core information-processing functions are increasingly being handled by AI-driven search and management systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4412 Mail carriers and sorting clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4412-mail-carriers-and-sorting-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 31884, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9371, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The core of this occupation involves the physical delivery and manual sorting of mail, which requires physical presence and navigation in the real world. While AI and automation can optimize logistics and route planning, the physical act of delivery remains largely resistant to AI-driven automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4413 Coding, proof-reading and related clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4413-coding-proof-reading-and-related-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 42240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 54, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves routine digital tasks such as data entry, proofreading, and coding-related clerical work, all of which are primary targets for Large Language Models and automated text processing tools. Because the work is entirely computer-based and highly structured, AI can already perform the majority of these core functions with high accuracy.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4415 Filing and copying clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4415-filing-and-copying-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 33540, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 295, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This role is almost entirely digital and involves routine information processing, filing, and document management tasks that are highly susceptible to automation. AI systems can already perform these administrative functions with high accuracy, leaving very little of the core job that cannot be handled by software.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4416 Personnel clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "4416-personnel-clerks-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 39012, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2128, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 1, "outlook_desc": "Declining", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Personnel clerks perform highly routine, digital administrative tasks such as data entry, record keeping, and document processing, which are prime targets for automation. Because the work is almost entirely computer-based and involves structured information, AI tools can already perform the majority of these core functions with high accuracy.", "url": ""}, {"title": "4419 Clerical support workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "4419-clerical-support-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "4", "pay": 39120, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4090, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "None", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves routine clerical and administrative tasks that are almost entirely digital and information-based. Since these tasks are highly structured and involve data processing, documentation, and communication, they are prime candidates for automation by large language models and intelligent process automation tools.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5111 Travel attendants and travel stewards (Level 4)", "slug": "5111-travel-attendants-and-travel-stewards-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 1601, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a travel attendant is primarily physical and interpersonal, requiring real-time human presence to ensure passenger safety and provide service in unpredictable environments. While AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or passenger manifest management, the core responsibilities of the job cannot be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5112 Transport conductors (Level 4)", "slug": "5112-transport-conductors-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 857, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a transport conductor is primarily physical and interpersonal, involving ticket verification, passenger assistance, and safety monitoring on board. While AI can assist with administrative scheduling or automated ticketing systems, the core requirement of real-time human presence and physical interaction in a transit environment remains largely unaffected.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5113 Travel guides (Level 4)", "slug": "5113-travel-guides-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 34260, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1238, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Travel guiding is a role fundamentally rooted in physical presence, real-time interpersonal interaction, and navigating unpredictable environments. While AI can assist with itinerary planning and information delivery, it cannot replace the human element of leading groups, providing local context, and managing physical logistics.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5120 Cooks (Level 4)", "slug": "5120-cooks-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 34140, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 39478, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Cooking is a highly physical, manual profession that requires real-time sensory judgment and physical dexterity in a dynamic environment. While AI can assist with inventory management or recipe optimization, it cannot replace the core physical tasks of food preparation and service.", "url": ""}, {"title": "513.  (Not more specifically classified) Waiters and bartenders (Level 4)", "slug": "513-not-more-specifically-classified-waiters-and-bartenders-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The core of this occupation involves physical service, manual dexterity, and real-time interpersonal interaction in a dynamic, unpredictable environment. While AI may assist with peripheral tasks like digital ordering systems or inventory management, it cannot replace the physical presence and human service required for the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5131 Waiters (Level 4)", "slug": "5131-waiters-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 32160, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13012, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The role of waiters and bartenders is fundamentally rooted in physical service, manual dexterity, and real-time interpersonal interaction in a dynamic environment. While AI may assist with peripheral tasks like digital ordering systems or inventory management, the core of the job requires a human presence that is not easily automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5132 Bartenders (Level 4)", "slug": "5132-bartenders-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 37404, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 951, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The role of waiters and bartenders is fundamentally rooted in physical service, manual dexterity, and real-time interpersonal interaction in a dynamic environment. While AI may assist with peripheral tasks like digital ordering systems or inventory management, the core of the job requires a human presence that is not easily automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "514.  (Not more specifically classified) Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "514-not-more-specifically-classified-hairdressers-beauticians-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies entirely on physical, manual dexterity and real-time, in-person interaction with clients. Because the core tasks involve physical manipulation of hair and skin in an unpredictable, tactile environment, AI has no capacity to automate or significantly reshape the fundamental work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5141 Hairdressers (Level 4)", "slug": "5141-hairdressers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 28188, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 10868, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies entirely on physical, manual dexterity and real-time human interaction in a physical environment. AI cannot perform the core tasks of cutting, styling, or applying treatments, making it highly resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5142 Beauticians and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "5142-beauticians-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 29616, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5296, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies entirely on physical, manual dexterity and real-time human interaction in a physical environment. AI cannot perform the core tasks of cutting, styling, or applying treatments, making it highly resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5151 Cleaning and housekeeping supervisors in offices, hotels and other establishments (Level 4)", "slug": "5151-cleaning-and-housekeeping-supervisors-in-offices-hotels-and-other-establishments-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 7071, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant physical oversight, coordination of staff, and on-site quality control in unpredictable environments like hotels and offices. While AI can assist with scheduling and administrative reporting, the core of the job requires human presence to manage personnel and ensure physical cleanliness standards.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5152 Domestic housekeepers (Level 4)", "slug": "5152-domestic-housekeepers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 675, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Domestic housekeeping is a physically demanding job that requires manual dexterity, physical presence, and the ability to navigate unpredictable home environments. Since the core tasks involve cleaning and physical maintenance, AI has virtually no capacity to automate the work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5153 Building caretakers (Level 4)", "slug": "5153-building-caretakers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 35148, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 26297, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Building caretakers perform primarily physical, manual tasks such as maintenance, cleaning, and repairs that require on-site presence. While AI may assist with administrative scheduling or energy management systems, the core of the job remains tied to physical interaction with the building environment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5161 Astrologers, fortune-tellers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "5161-astrologers-fortune-tellers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 2, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this occupation involve information synthesis, pattern recognition, and communication, all of which are increasingly automated by AI-driven predictive models and chatbots. While the role relies on interpersonal trust and human connection, the technical generation of horoscopes and readings is highly susceptible to AI disruption.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5163 Undertakers and embalmers (Level 4)", "slug": "5163-undertakers-and-embalmers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 35460, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 602, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The occupation involves significant physical labor, manual embalming skills, and sensitive, real-time interpersonal interaction with grieving families. While AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or documentation, it cannot perform the core physical and emotional requirements of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5164 Pet groomers and animal care workers (Level 4)", "slug": "5164-pet-groomers-and-animal-care-workers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 30168, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2443, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Pet grooming and animal care are fundamentally physical, hands-on tasks that require manual dexterity and real-time interaction with live animals. Because the work cannot be performed digitally or automated by current AI systems, it remains largely immune to AI-driven displacement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5165 Driving instructors (Level 4)", "slug": "5165-driving-instructors-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 39120, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 838, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Driving instruction involves a significant amount of real-time, physical interaction and safety-critical judgment in unpredictable traffic environments, which limits AI automation. However, the theoretical and administrative components of the curriculum are increasingly digital, and AI-driven simulation tools are beginning to supplement traditional in-car training.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5169 Personal services workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "5169-personal-services-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 31116, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 97, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This category covers a diverse range of personal service roles that typically require physical presence, manual tasks, and direct human interaction. While AI may assist with administrative scheduling or basic communication, the core of these roles relies on physical service delivery that is largely insulated from automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "521.  (Not more specifically classified) Street and market salespersons (Level 4)", "slug": "521-not-more-specifically-classified-street-and-market-salespersons-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on physical presence, face-to-face customer interaction, and manual handling of goods in unpredictable environments. While AI may assist with inventory management or digital payment systems, the core tasks of sales and physical service remain largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5211 Stall and market salespersons (Level 4)", "slug": "5211-stall-and-market-salespersons-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 612, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role is primarily focused on physical interaction, customer service, and manual tasks like stocking and handling goods in a market environment. While AI can assist with inventory management or digital payments, the core of the job requires a physical presence and human-to-human interaction that is not easily automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5212 Street food salespersons (Level 4)", "slug": "5212-street-food-salespersons-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The occupation is primarily physical, requiring manual preparation and service of food in a face-to-face, real-time environment. AI has no capacity to perform the core physical tasks of this role, resulting in minimal exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5221 Shop keepers (Level 4)", "slug": "5221-shop-keepers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 46164, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 8145, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Shop keepers perform a mix of physical tasks, such as inventory management and customer service, and digital tasks like accounting and procurement. While AI can automate inventory and administrative processes, the role requires significant human interaction and physical presence in a retail environment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5222 Shop supervisors (Level 4)", "slug": "5222-shop-supervisors-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 40836, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 12625, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "Shop supervisors combine physical presence and human interaction with administrative tasks like inventory management and scheduling. While AI can automate the digital aspects of their role, the core requirement of managing staff and physical retail environments provides a significant buffer against full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5223 Shop sales assistants (Level 4)", "slug": "5223-shop-sales-assistants-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 33660, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 103466, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "While the role involves significant physical presence and interpersonal interaction with customers, AI is increasingly automating inventory management, checkout processes, and demand forecasting. However, the core requirement for human-led customer service and physical product handling provides a natural barrier to full automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5230 Cashiers and ticket clerks (Level 4)", "slug": "5230-cashiers-and-ticket-clerks-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 30936, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4513, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this role, such as processing transactions and managing tickets, are increasingly being automated through self-checkout systems and digital ticketing platforms. While the role currently involves some physical interaction, the trend toward fully automated, cashless, and digital service environments significantly reduces the need for human intervention.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5241 Fashion and other models (Level 4)", "slug": "5241-fashion-and-other-models-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 62, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "While the core task of modeling requires a physical presence, AI is increasingly capable of generating high-quality synthetic models and virtual influencers, which directly competes with traditional fashion modeling. However, the industry still places a high premium on human authenticity, brand association, and physical runway presence, which limits the total displacement of human workers.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5242 Sales demonstrators (Level 4)", "slug": "5242-sales-demonstrators-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 40236, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1052, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Sales demonstrators rely heavily on physical presence, interpersonal persuasion, and real-time human interaction to influence consumer behavior in retail environments. While AI can assist with scheduling, inventory analysis, or digital marketing strategies, the core requirement of the role\u2014engaging customers in person\u2014remains largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5243 Door to door salespersons (Level 4)", "slug": "5243-door-to-door-salespersons-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 204, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role relies heavily on human-to-human interaction, persuasion, and physical presence, which are difficult for AI to replicate in a face-to-face context. However, AI is increasingly used to optimize lead generation, route planning, and sales scripts, which moderately impacts the efficiency and methodology of the work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5244 Contact centre salespersons (Level 4)", "slug": "5244-contact-centre-salespersons-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 32064, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5615, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 9, "exposure_rationale": "Contact centre sales is a fully digital, information-processing role that is highly susceptible to automation through conversational AI and large language models. AI can already handle routine customer interactions, script-based sales, and data entry, making this occupation face significant restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5245 Service station attendants (Level 4)", "slug": "5245-service-station-attendants-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 31356, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1270, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves significant physical presence and customer service tasks at a service station, which are difficult to automate entirely. While payment and inventory management are increasingly digitized, the core functions of assisting customers and maintaining the physical site remain largely manual.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5246 Food service counter attendants (Level 4)", "slug": "5246-food-service-counter-attendants-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 29568, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 10800, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves significant physical interaction with customers and manual tasks such as food preparation and service that are difficult to automate fully. While AI can assist with peripheral tasks like order processing or inventory management, the core of the job requires a human presence in a physical environment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5249 Sales workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "5249-sales-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 37800, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1151, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant interpersonal interaction and physical presence in retail or sales environments, which provides a buffer against full automation. However, the core tasks of product information dissemination, inventory management, and customer communication are increasingly being handled by digital interfaces and AI-driven recommendation systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5311 Child care workers (Level 4)", "slug": "5311-child-care-workers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 31356, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 44429, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on physical presence, emotional labor, and real-time supervision of children, which are domains where AI has very limited utility. While AI might assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or lesson planning, the core responsibilities of caregiving and direct interaction remain fundamentally human-centric.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5312 Teachers' aides (Level 4)", "slug": "5312-teachers-aides-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 29784, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 18777, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on physical presence, emotional labor, and real-time supervision of children, which are domains where AI has very limited utility. While AI might assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or lesson planning, the core responsibilities of caregiving and direct interaction remain fundamentally human-centric.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5321 Health care assistants (Level 4)", "slug": "5321-health-care-assistants-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 38664, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 94245, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Health care assistants perform tasks that are primarily physical, hands-on, and require real-time human presence in a clinical environment. While AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or documentation, the core of the job involves direct patient care and physical support, which remains largely shielded from automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5322 Home-based personal care workers (Level 4)", "slug": "5322-home-based-personal-care-workers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 38400, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 31471, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on physical presence, manual care, and real-time human interaction, which are difficult for AI to replicate. While AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or reporting, it cannot perform the core duties of providing physical and emotional support to individuals in their homes.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5329 Personal care workers in health services not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "5329-personal-care-workers-in-health-services-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 32232, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13940, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves direct physical care and real-time human interaction in unpredictable health environments, which are highly resistant to automation. AI may assist with minor administrative tasks or scheduling, but the core responsibilities require physical presence and human empathy that AI cannot replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5411 Fire-fighters (Level 4)", "slug": "5411-fire-fighters-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 47580, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4060, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Firefighting is a highly physical, high-stakes occupation that requires real-time human decision-making and manual intervention in unpredictable, dangerous environments. While AI may assist with logistical tasks like route optimization or predictive maintenance of equipment, it cannot replace the core physical requirements of the job.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5412 Police officers (Level 4)", "slug": "5412-police-officers-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 3673, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "Police work involves significant physical presence, real-time decision-making in unpredictable environments, and interpersonal interaction that AI cannot replicate. While AI can assist with administrative tasks, data analysis, and surveillance monitoring, the core functions of law enforcement require human accountability and physical intervention.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5413 Prison guards (Level 4)", "slug": "5413-prison-guards-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 41784, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1691, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a prison guard is fundamentally centered on physical presence, real-time human interaction, and security monitoring in an unpredictable environment. While AI can assist with surveillance and administrative logging, the core responsibilities of maintaining order and responding to physical incidents remain inherently human-centric.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5414 Security guards (Level 4)", "slug": "5414-security-guards-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": 34296, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 10924, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Security guard work is primarily physical and requires real-time human presence to monitor environments and respond to incidents. While AI-powered surveillance and analytics can assist with monitoring tasks, the core requirement for physical intervention and human judgment in unpredictable situations remains a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "5419 Protective services workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "5419-protective-services-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "5", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 1058, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical presence and real-time human interaction in unpredictable environments, such as security or surveillance roles. While AI may assist with monitoring or reporting tasks, the core of the work requires physical intervention and human judgment that cannot be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6111 Field crop and vegetable growers (Level 4)", "slug": "6111-field-crop-and-vegetable-growers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": 29160, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 12088, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Field crop and vegetable growing is a physically intensive occupation that requires direct interaction with biological systems and unpredictable outdoor environments. While AI can assist with precision agriculture and monitoring, the core tasks of cultivation and harvesting remain fundamentally manual and physical, resulting in minimal exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6112 Tree and shrub crop growers (Level 4)", "slug": "6112-tree-and-shrub-crop-growers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 13, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical, hands-on agricultural work in outdoor environments that cannot be performed by digital AI systems. While AI-driven precision agriculture or robotics may eventually assist with monitoring or harvesting, the core tasks remain fundamentally manual and physical.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6113 Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers (Level 4)", "slug": "6113-gardeners-horticultural-and-nursery-growers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": 29892, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6400, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily physical, involving manual labor, plant care, and environmental management that requires real-time interaction with the physical world. AI has minimal impact on these core tasks, as they cannot be digitized or automated by current AI systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6114 Mixed crop growers (Level 4)", "slug": "6114-mixed-crop-growers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 10, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily physical and involves manual labor in unpredictable outdoor environments, which are difficult for AI to automate. While AI may assist with peripheral tasks like crop monitoring or data-driven decision-making, the core work remains hands-on and physical.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6121 Livestock and dairy producers (Level 4)", "slug": "6121-livestock-and-dairy-producers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": 32760, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 16955, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily physical and involves direct interaction with livestock and agricultural environments, which are difficult to automate fully. While AI and IoT sensors can assist with monitoring animal health or optimizing feed, the core tasks remain manual and require real-time physical presence.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6122 Poultry producers (Level 4)", "slug": "6122-poultry-producers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": 30720, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 702, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Poultry production is a highly physical, hands-on occupation that requires direct interaction with livestock and maintenance of physical facilities. While AI can assist with environmental monitoring or automated feeding systems, the core tasks remain rooted in physical labor and biological management that cannot be performed digitally.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6123 Apiarists and sericulturists (Level 4)", "slug": "6123-apiarists-and-sericulturists-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 7, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily physical and requires direct, hands-on interaction with biological organisms in unpredictable outdoor environments. AI has minimal impact on the core tasks of managing beehives or silkworm production, as these require manual dexterity and real-time physical judgment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6129 Animal producers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "6129-animal-producers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 1177, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in agricultural settings, such as animal husbandry and farm maintenance, which are difficult to automate with current AI. While AI may assist with monitoring systems or record-keeping, the core tasks require physical presence and real-time interaction with living animals.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6130 Mixed crop and animal producers (Level 4)", "slug": "6130-mixed-crop-and-animal-producers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": 30000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4860, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily physical and involves direct interaction with biological systems, livestock, and unpredictable outdoor environments. While AI can assist with peripheral tasks like farm management software or automated monitoring, the core labor remains manual and site-specific.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6210 Forestry and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "6210-forestry-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": 31308, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4362, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Forestry work is primarily physical and performed in unpredictable outdoor environments, requiring manual skills and real-time interaction with the physical landscape. AI has minimal impact on the core tasks of planting, maintaining, and harvesting trees, as these activities are not digital in nature.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6221 Aquaculture workers (Level 4)", "slug": "6221-aquaculture-workers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": 36732, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 352, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 2, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Aquaculture work is primarily physical, involving the manual care, feeding, and monitoring of aquatic life in outdoor or facility-based environments. Because the core tasks require direct physical interaction with biological systems and equipment, AI has minimal impact on the daily execution of the job.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6222 Inland and coastal waters fishery workers (Level 4)", "slug": "6222-inland-and-coastal-waters-fishery-workers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 538, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical and performed in unpredictable, outdoor environments that require manual dexterity and real-time interaction with the physical world. AI has no capacity to perform the core tasks of fishing, such as operating vessels or handling equipment in marine conditions.", "url": ""}, {"title": "6224 Hunters and trappers (Level 4)", "slug": "6224-hunters-and-trappers-level-4", "category": "6", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 81, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical and performed in unpredictable, outdoor environments. The core tasks of fishing, hunting, and trapping rely on manual skill and physical presence, which are largely immune to AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "711.  (Not more specifically classified) Building frame and related trades workers (Level 4)", "slug": "711-not-more-specifically-classified-building-frame-and-related-trades-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in construction environments that require complex motor skills and real-time navigation of unpredictable physical spaces. AI has minimal impact on these core tasks, as they are not digital or information-processing in nature.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7111 House builders (Level 4)", "slug": "7111-house-builders-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 39384, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 37054, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "House building is a highly physical, manual trade that requires complex interaction with unpredictable physical environments and materials. AI has minimal impact on the core tasks of construction, as these require dexterity, physical presence, and real-time problem-solving in the field.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7112 Bricklayers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7112-bricklayers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 45264, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 544, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Bricklaying is a highly physical, manual trade that requires real-time interaction with unpredictable physical materials and environments. AI has no capacity to perform the core tasks of this occupation, as it lacks the physical dexterity and sensory judgment required for construction work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7113 Stonemasons, stone cutters, splitters and carvers (Level 4)", "slug": "7113-stonemasons-stone-cutters-splitters-and-carvers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 39084, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 631, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical, requiring manual skill, craftsmanship, and the physical manipulation of stone materials. Because the core tasks cannot be performed digitally or automated by current AI systems, the exposure to AI-driven disruption is minimal.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7114 Concrete placers, concrete finishers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7114-concrete-placers-concrete-finishers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 44508, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 991, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves highly physical, manual labor performed in unpredictable construction environments that require complex motor skills and spatial awareness. AI and robotics currently lack the dexterity and adaptability to perform concrete finishing tasks, leaving the core work largely unaffected by digital automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7115 Carpenters and joiners (Level 4)", "slug": "7115-carpenters-and-joiners-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 41712, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 12881, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Carpentry is a highly physical, manual trade requiring real-time interaction with unpredictable physical materials and environments. AI has minimal impact on the core tasks of construction, installation, and repair, as these require complex physical dexterity and on-site problem solving.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7119 Building frame and related trades workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "7119-building-frame-and-related-trades-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 38724, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2904, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor on construction sites that requires dexterity, spatial awareness, and real-time adaptation to unpredictable physical environments. Because the work is fundamentally non-digital and requires hands-on interaction with physical materials, it remains largely immune to AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "712.  (Not more specifically classified) Building finishers and related trades workers (Level 4)", "slug": "712-not-more-specifically-classified-building-finishers-and-related-trades-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor such as plastering, painting, and floor laying, which requires significant dexterity and on-site physical presence. AI has minimal impact on these core tasks, as they are not digital and occur in unpredictable, non-standardized physical environments.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7121 Roofers (Level 4)", "slug": "7121-roofers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 42612, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2214, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Roofing is a highly physical, manual trade that requires real-time interaction with unpredictable physical environments and complex site-specific conditions. AI has no capacity to perform the core tasks of this occupation, as it lacks the physical dexterity and situational awareness required for construction work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7122 Floor layers and tile setters (Level 4)", "slug": "7122-floor-layers-and-tile-setters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 45372, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1890, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical and manual, requiring precise on-site craftsmanship and spatial judgment that AI cannot replicate. There is no digital component to the core tasks of laying floors or setting tiles, making it highly resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7123 Plasterers (Level 4)", "slug": "7123-plasterers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 42612, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 552, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Plastering is a highly manual, physical trade that requires real-time tactile feedback and physical presence on construction sites. AI has no capacity to perform the core manual tasks of applying, smoothing, and finishing surfaces in unpredictable physical environments.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7124 Insulation workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7124-insulation-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 41508, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2072, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Insulation work is a highly physical, manual trade that requires on-site presence and complex physical manipulation of materials in unpredictable construction environments. AI has no capacity to perform these core manual tasks, and the role remains largely insulated from digital automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7125 Glaziers (Level 4)", "slug": "7125-glaziers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 36600, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 715, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Glazing is a highly manual, physical trade that requires on-site measurement, cutting, and installation of glass in unpredictable environments. Because the core tasks rely on physical dexterity and real-time interaction with physical materials, AI has minimal impact on the daily work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7126 Plumbers and pipe fitters (Level 4)", "slug": "7126-plumbers-and-pipe-fitters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 44400, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 14935, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily physical, requiring manual dexterity and on-site problem-solving in unpredictable, complex environments. While AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or parts ordering, it cannot perform the core physical installation and repair duties.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7127 Air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics (Level 4)", "slug": "7127-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-mechanics-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 43728, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2799, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily physical and manual, requiring on-site diagnosis and repair of mechanical systems in unpredictable environments. While AI may assist with minor administrative tasks or digital diagnostic manuals, the core work of physical installation and maintenance remains largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "713.  (Not more specifically classified) Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers (Level 4)", "slug": "713-not-more-specifically-classified-painters-building-structure-cleaners-and-related-trades-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in the construction and maintenance sector, which requires real-time interaction with unpredictable physical environments. AI has no capacity to perform these hands-on tasks, and the role remains almost entirely shielded from digital automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7131 Painters and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7131-painters-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 39192, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5385, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is almost entirely physical, requiring manual dexterity and on-site presence to perform tasks like painting and cleaning building structures. These activities occur in unpredictable physical environments that are currently beyond the capabilities of AI and robotics.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7132 Spray painters and varnishers (Level 4)", "slug": "7132-spray-painters-and-varnishers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 36828, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1819, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in a specialized industrial environment that requires dexterity and real-time sensory feedback. While AI may assist in optimizing paint mixtures or monitoring equipment, the core task of applying coatings to surfaces remains fundamentally physical and resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7133 Building structure cleaners (Level 4)", "slug": "7133-building-structure-cleaners-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 36012, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 942, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is almost entirely physical, requiring manual dexterity and on-site presence to perform tasks like painting and cleaning building structures. These activities occur in unpredictable physical environments that are currently beyond the capabilities of AI and robotics.", "url": ""}, {"title": "721.  (Not more specifically classified) Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders and welders, and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "721-not-more-specifically-classified-sheet-and-structural-metal-workers-moulders-and-welders-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor and specialized technical skills in metalworking and welding that require real-time physical interaction with materials. While AI may assist in peripheral tasks like scheduling or digital design, the core work remains highly resistant to automation due to the need for physical dexterity and on-site execution.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7211 Metal moulders and coremakers (Level 4)", "slug": "7211-metal-moulders-and-coremakers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 38544, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 872, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily manual and physical, involving the operation of machinery and handling of materials in a factory setting. While AI might assist with peripheral tasks like production scheduling or inventory management, the core work of metal moulding and coremaking remains resistant to automation due to the physical nature of the tasks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7212 Welders and flamecutters (Level 4)", "slug": "7212-welders-and-flamecutters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 39756, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7212, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Welding is a highly physical, manual trade that requires real-time spatial judgment and dexterity in unpredictable environments. While AI-driven robotics can automate repetitive industrial welding, the core of the occupation remains largely shielded from AI due to the need for physical presence and complex manual skill.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7213 Sheet-metal workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7213-sheet-metal-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 40812, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3556, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Sheet-metal work is a highly physical, manual trade that requires specialized dexterity and real-time interaction with physical materials in unpredictable environments. While AI may assist with administrative tasks or digital design optimization, the core manual labor and physical installation components remain largely shielded from automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7214 Structural-metal preparers and erectors (Level 4)", "slug": "7214-structural-metal-preparers-and-erectors-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 40044, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1680, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in construction and assembly, requiring real-time physical interaction with materials and environments. Because the work is fundamentally non-digital and relies on physical dexterity and on-site judgment, it has minimal exposure to AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7215 Riggers and cable splicers (Level 4)", "slug": "7215-riggers-and-cable-splicers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 29616, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 26, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical, involving manual labor, heavy machinery, and work in unpredictable outdoor or industrial environments. Because the core tasks require physical dexterity and real-time interaction with physical materials, AI has minimal potential to automate or reshape the work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "722.  (Not more specifically classified) Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers (Level 4)", "slug": "722-not-more-specifically-classified-blacksmiths-toolmakers-and-related-trades-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily manual and physical, requiring specialized craftsmanship and tactile interaction with materials that AI cannot replicate. While AI might assist with peripheral tasks like inventory management or digital design, the core work remains fundamentally tied to physical labor and manual skill.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7221 Blacksmiths, hammersmiths and forging press workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7221-blacksmiths-hammersmiths-and-forging-press-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 40716, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 185, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical, requiring manual skill, craftsmanship, and the manipulation of materials in a workshop environment. AI has no capacity to perform the core physical tasks of forging and shaping metal, making it immune to automation in its current form.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7222 Toolmakers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7222-toolmakers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 38856, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4956, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves highly skilled manual labor, physical manipulation of materials, and craftsmanship that requires real-time sensory feedback in a physical environment. While AI might assist with peripheral tasks like inventory management or digital design, the core work of forging and toolmaking remains largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7223 Metal working machine tool setters and operators (Level 4)", "slug": "7223-metal-working-machine-tool-setters-and-operators-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 40068, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13735, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily physical and involves operating, setting, and monitoring industrial machinery in a manufacturing environment. While AI can assist with predictive maintenance or process optimization, the core tasks require physical presence and manual intervention, creating a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7224 Metal polishers, wheel grinders and tool sharpeners (Level 4)", "slug": "7224-metal-polishers-wheel-grinders-and-tool-sharpeners-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 37776, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 926, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor focused on precision metalwork and tool maintenance, which requires significant tactile skill and physical presence. AI exposure is limited to potential peripheral improvements in scheduling or inventory management, as the core task remains inherently physical and resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "723.  (Not more specifically classified) Machinery mechanics and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "723-not-more-specifically-classified-machinery-mechanics-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor and the diagnosis of mechanical issues in unpredictable, real-world environments. While AI may eventually assist with diagnostic manuals or scheduling, the core tasks require physical dexterity and on-site presence that AI cannot currently replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7231 Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "7231-motor-vehicle-mechanics-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 38832, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 24073, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is predominantly physical and requires manual dexterity, diagnostic intuition, and the ability to operate in unpredictable physical environments. While AI can assist with diagnostic data analysis or digital service manuals, the core tasks of repairing and maintaining mechanical components remain largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7232 Aircraft engine mechanics and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "7232-aircraft-engine-mechanics-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 49200, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1086, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is highly physical, requiring manual dexterity, specialized mechanical skills, and real-time interaction with complex physical machinery. While AI may assist in diagnostic data analysis or maintenance scheduling, the core tasks of engine repair and safety-critical physical maintenance remain largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7233 Agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "7233-agricultural-and-industrial-machinery-mechanics-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 43056, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 18713, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily physical and requires hands-on mechanical repair, diagnostics, and manual dexterity in unpredictable environments. While AI may eventually assist with diagnostic data analysis or digital manuals, the core tasks of physical maintenance and repair remain largely shielded from automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7234 Bicycle and related repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "7234-bicycle-and-related-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 30948, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 249, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily manual and physical, requiring hands-on mechanical repair skills that are difficult to automate with current robotics. AI exposure is limited to minor administrative tasks like inventory management or scheduling, which do not fundamentally alter the core repair duties.", "url": ""}, {"title": "731.  (Not more specifically classified) Handicraft workers (Level 4)", "slug": "731-not-more-specifically-classified-handicraft-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Handicraft work is fundamentally rooted in physical dexterity, manual skill, and the creation of tangible, unique objects. Because these tasks require physical presence and fine motor control in a non-digital environment, AI has minimal capacity to automate or reshape the core of this occupation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7311 Precision-instrument makers and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "7311-precision-instrument-makers-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 38280, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 644, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves highly specialized manual dexterity and physical interaction with delicate mechanical or electronic instruments, which are difficult for AI to replicate. While AI may assist with diagnostic software or digital documentation, the core task of physical repair and calibration remains largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7312 Musical instrument makers and tuners (Level 4)", "slug": "7312-musical-instrument-makers-and-tuners-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 122, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on specialized manual dexterity, tactile feedback, and acoustic judgment, which are difficult for AI to replicate. While AI might assist with peripheral tasks like business administration or scheduling, the core work of crafting and tuning physical instruments remains inherently physical and craft-based.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7313 Jewellery and precious-metal workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7313-jewellery-and-precious-metal-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 35664, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 460, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on manual dexterity, artistic craftsmanship, and physical manipulation of precious materials, which are difficult for AI to replicate. While AI might assist with digital design or inventory management, the core value of the work remains in the physical creation process.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7314 Potters and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7314-potters-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 45, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Pottery is a highly manual, physical craft that relies on tactile skill, artistic intuition, and physical manipulation of materials. As the work is fundamentally non-digital and requires real-time physical interaction with clay, AI has minimal potential to automate or reshape the core tasks of this occupation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7315 Glass makers, cutters, grinders and finishers (Level 4)", "slug": "7315-glass-makers-cutters-grinders-and-finishers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 35904, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 151, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves highly specialized manual labor and physical craftsmanship in shaping and finishing glass, which requires physical presence and tactile skill. While AI might assist in peripheral design or inventory management, it cannot replace the core manual dexterity and physical interaction with materials required for this work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7316 Sign writers, decorative painters, engravers and etchers (Level 4)", "slug": "7316-sign-writers-decorative-painters-engravers-and-etchers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 36624, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 29, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 5, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves a mix of physical craftsmanship and digital design work. While the manual execution of signs and engravings remains physical, the design and layout phases are increasingly automated by AI-driven graphic design tools, leading to moderate exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7317 Handicraft workers in wood, basketry and related materials (Level 4)", "slug": "7317-handicraft-workers-in-wood-basketry-and-related-materials-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 46, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on manual dexterity, physical craftsmanship, and the manipulation of tangible materials, which are outside the current capabilities of AI. While AI might assist with digital marketing or design inspiration, the core production process remains entirely physical and immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7318 Handicraft workers in textile, leather and related materials (Level 4)", "slug": "7318-handicraft-workers-in-textile-leather-and-related-materials-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 29796, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 86, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily focused on manual, physical craftsmanship and the manipulation of physical materials, which are tasks that AI cannot perform. While AI might assist with digital design patterns or inventory management, the core value of the work lies in the physical skill and tactile execution, leaving it largely unaffected by AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7319 Handicraft workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "7319-handicraft-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 29928, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 53, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical craftsmanship where the value is derived from human skill, tactile creation, and physical artistry. AI has minimal impact on these tasks as they require physical presence and dexterity rather than digital information processing.", "url": ""}, {"title": "732.  (Not more specifically classified) Printing trades workers (Level 4)", "slug": "732-not-more-specifically-classified-printing-trades-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 6, "exposure_rationale": "Printing trades involve a mix of physical machine operation and digital prepress work, which is increasingly automated by software and AI-driven design tools. While the physical handling of materials remains, the core workflow of file preparation, color management, and layout is highly susceptible to digital transformation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7321 Pre-press technicians (Level 4)", "slug": "7321-pre-press-technicians-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 36120, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 579, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 8, "exposure_rationale": "Pre-press technician work is almost entirely digital, involving file preparation, color correction, and layout formatting, all of which are core domains for AI automation. As software tools increasingly integrate AI for automated image processing and error detection, the role faces significant restructuring.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7322 Printers (Level 4)", "slug": "7322-printers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 37908, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1822, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "Modern printing is a highly digitized process involving computer-aided design, digital file preparation, and automated machine management. While the physical operation of large-scale presses remains, the core workflow is increasingly software-driven, making it susceptible to automation and AI-assisted optimization.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7323 Print finishing and binding workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7323-print-finishing-and-binding-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 34476, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 759, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical tasks related to the operation of finishing and binding machinery, which are difficult to automate with current AI. While AI may assist with administrative scheduling or digital workflow management, the core of the job remains tied to physical production and equipment handling.", "url": ""}, {"title": "741.  (Not more specifically classified) Electrical equipment installers and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "741-not-more-specifically-classified-electrical-equipment-installers-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor and the diagnosis of complex electrical systems in unpredictable, real-world environments. While AI may assist with diagnostic documentation or scheduling, the core tasks of physical installation and repair remain largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7411 Building and related electricians (Level 4)", "slug": "7411-building-and-related-electricians-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 44436, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 14801, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation consists of manual, physical labor in construction and building trades that requires dexterity, spatial awareness, and on-site problem solving. While AI may assist with administrative tasks like scheduling or material estimation, the core work remains fundamentally tied to the physical environment and cannot be automated by current or near-future AI.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7412 Electrical mechanics and fitters (Level 4)", "slug": "7412-electrical-mechanics-and-fitters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 43944, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 9681, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical work in electrical installation and repair that requires real-time interaction with physical components and unpredictable environments. AI exposure is limited to peripheral tasks like scheduling or digital documentation, as the core work remains highly dependent on physical dexterity and on-site problem solving.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7413 Electrical line installers and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "7413-electrical-line-installers-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 46392, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2107, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily physical and requires manual dexterity, specialized tools, and real-time problem-solving in unpredictable outdoor environments. While AI may assist with administrative tasks or diagnostic data analysis, the core work of installing and repairing physical infrastructure remains largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "742.  (Not more specifically classified) Electronics and telecommunications installers and repairers (Level 4)", "slug": "742-not-more-specifically-classified-electronics-and-telecommunications-installers-and-repairers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves significant physical labor, manual dexterity, and on-site troubleshooting of hardware and infrastructure, which are difficult for AI to replicate. While AI may assist with diagnostic documentation or remote monitoring, the core tasks require physical presence and interaction with complex, non-standardized physical environments.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7421 Electronics mechanics and servicers (Level 4)", "slug": "7421-electronics-mechanics-and-servicers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 41388, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4767, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves hands-on physical repair, diagnostics, and maintenance of electronic hardware, which requires significant manual dexterity and physical presence. While AI can assist with diagnostic documentation or providing technical manuals, the core task of physical component replacement and hardware troubleshooting remains largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7422 Information and communications technology installers and servicers (Level 4)", "slug": "7422-information-and-communications-technology-installers-and-servicers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 44064, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4162, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves physical installation, maintenance, and repair of hardware and network infrastructure, which requires manual dexterity and on-site presence. While AI can assist with diagnostic troubleshooting and documentation, the core tasks are inherently physical and cannot be automated by current AI systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7511 Butchers, fishmongers and related food preparers (Level 4)", "slug": "7511-butchers-fishmongers-and-related-food-preparers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 45132, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2568, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in food preparation that requires tactile skill and real-time physical interaction with raw materials. Because the work is inherently non-digital and requires physical presence in a controlled environment, AI has minimal impact on the core tasks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7512 Bakers, pastry-cooks and confectionery makers (Level 4)", "slug": "7512-bakers-pastry-cooks-and-confectionery-makers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 33324, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2438, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily manual and physical, requiring sensory judgment and skilled craftsmanship in a kitchen environment. While AI may assist with inventory management or recipe optimization, it cannot replace the core physical tasks of baking and food preparation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7513 Dairy-products makers (Level 4)", "slug": "7513-dairy-products-makers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 48936, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 91, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical, manual labor in a food production environment, which creates a significant barrier to AI automation. While AI can assist with monitoring production parameters or supply chain logistics, the core tasks of processing dairy products remain largely physical and require human oversight for quality control and equipment handling.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7514 Fruit, vegetable and related preservers (Level 4)", "slug": "7514-fruit-vegetable-and-related-preservers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 31764, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 169, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical tasks related to food preservation and processing in a production environment. While AI may assist with peripheral tasks like inventory management or quality control monitoring, the core work requires physical handling and manual labor that is largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7515 Food and beverage tasters and graders (Level 4)", "slug": "7515-food-and-beverage-tasters-and-graders-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 41340, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 22, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on human sensory perception, specifically taste and smell, which are physical and biological processes that AI cannot currently replicate. While AI might assist with data logging or quality control reporting, the core task of sensory evaluation requires a human presence and subjective judgment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "752.  (Not more specifically classified) Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers (Level 4)", "slug": "752-not-more-specifically-classified-wood-treaters-cabinet-makers-and-related-trades-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical craftsmanship and the manipulation of physical materials, which are largely shielded from AI automation. While AI might assist with peripheral tasks like digital design or inventory management, the core work of cabinet-making and wood treatment requires physical dexterity and real-world interaction.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7521 Wood treaters (Level 4)", "slug": "7521-wood-treaters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 36636, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 632, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily manual and craft-based, requiring physical dexterity and the manipulation of physical materials in a workshop environment. While AI may assist with digital design or inventory management, the core tasks of woodworking and cabinet-making remain largely shielded from automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7522 Cabinet-makers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7522-cabinet-makers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 34440, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2518, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is primarily manual and craft-based, requiring physical dexterity and the manipulation of physical materials in a workshop environment. While AI may assist with digital design or inventory management, the core tasks of woodworking and cabinet-making remain largely shielded from automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7523 Woodworking-machine tool setters and operators (Level 4)", "slug": "7523-woodworking-machine-tool-setters-and-operators-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 34020, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1490, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily physical and involves operating machinery in a manufacturing environment, which requires manual dexterity and physical presence. While AI may eventually assist with predictive maintenance or workflow optimization, the core task of setting and operating woodworking tools remains largely outside the scope of current AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "753.  (Not more specifically classified) Garment and related trades workers (Level 4)", "slug": "753-not-more-specifically-classified-garment-and-related-trades-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical craft work in garment production, which requires high levels of dexterity and tactile skill that AI cannot currently replicate. While AI may assist in design or supply chain management, the core task of garment assembly remains largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7531 Tailors, dressmakers, furriers and hatters (Level 4)", "slug": "7531-tailors-dressmakers-furriers-and-hatters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 33768, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 991, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on manual dexterity, physical craftsmanship, and real-time interaction with materials and clients. While AI can assist with digital pattern design or inventory management, the core tasks of cutting, sewing, and fitting remain physical and require human tactile skill.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7532 Garment and related pattern-makers and cutters (Level 4)", "slug": "7532-garment-and-related-pattern-makers-and-cutters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 81, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves a mix of physical craftsmanship and increasingly digital design processes, such as CAD-based pattern making. While AI can optimize fabric cutting and automate pattern generation, the occupation still requires significant physical handling of materials and human judgment regarding fit and textile properties.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7533 Sewing, embroidery and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7533-sewing-embroidery-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 29892, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 821, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies heavily on manual dexterity, physical manipulation of textiles, and specialized machine operation that cannot be replicated by AI. While AI might assist in digital pattern design or inventory management, the core task of sewing and embroidery remains a physical, hands-on process with low susceptibility to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7534 Upholsterers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7534-upholsterers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 32124, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 762, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Upholstery is a highly manual, physical craft that requires tactile skill and real-time manipulation of materials in a physical environment. AI has no capacity to perform the core tasks of this occupation, as it lacks the physical dexterity and sensory feedback required for custom furniture repair and fabrication.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7535 Pelt dressers, tanners and fellmongers (Level 4)", "slug": "7535-pelt-dressers-tanners-and-fellmongers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 104, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor related to the processing of animal hides and skins, which requires tactile skill and physical presence. As the work is not digital or information-based, it remains largely immune to automation by current AI technologies.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7536 Shoemakers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "7536-shoemakers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 34128, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 236, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Shoemaking is a highly manual, craft-based occupation requiring physical dexterity and the manipulation of physical materials. Because the core tasks involve physical assembly and repair that cannot be digitized, AI has minimal impact on the fundamental nature of this work.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7541 Underwater divers (Level 4)", "slug": "7541-underwater-divers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 26, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 0, "exposure_rationale": "Underwater diving is a highly physical, manual occupation performed in unpredictable, hazardous environments that require real-time human judgment and physical dexterity. Because the work is entirely non-digital and relies on specialized physical skills, it has virtually no exposure to AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7542 Shotfirers and blasters (Level 4)", "slug": "7542-shotfirers-and-blasters-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 48804, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 169, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves highly specialized, high-risk physical work in mining or construction that requires real-time human judgment and safety compliance in unpredictable environments. AI cannot perform the physical handling of explosives or the on-site safety assessments required for this role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7543 Product graders and testers (excluding foods and beverages) (Level 4)", "slug": "7543-product-graders-and-testers-excluding-foods-and-beverages-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 40200, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1276, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves physical inspection and testing of products, which requires sensory perception and manual handling that AI cannot currently replicate. While AI-powered computer vision systems are increasingly used for automated quality control, the role remains tied to physical production environments and human oversight.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7544 Fumigators and other pest and weed controllers (Level 4)", "slug": "7544-fumigators-and-other-pest-and-weed-controllers-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 80, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical, requiring manual application of chemicals and on-site inspection of environments. Because the work involves navigating unpredictable physical spaces and performing hands-on labor, AI has virtually no impact on the core tasks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "7549 Craft and related workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "7549-craft-and-related-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "7", "pay": 36948, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 46, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves specialized manual craft work that requires physical dexterity and tactile interaction with materials. Because the tasks are performed in a physical environment and lack a digital work product, AI has minimal potential to automate or reshape the core functions of the role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8111 Miners and quarriers (Level 4)", "slug": "8111-miners-and-quarriers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 50088, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1177, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work of miners and quarriers is almost entirely physical, involving the operation of heavy machinery and manual labor in unpredictable, hazardous underground environments. AI has minimal impact on the core physical tasks of extraction, as these require real-time human presence and physical dexterity that current robotics cannot replicate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8112 Mineral and stone processing plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8112-mineral-and-stone-processing-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 49512, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1066, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves operating heavy machinery and processing physical materials in industrial environments, which requires significant manual skill and physical presence. AI exposure is limited to potential improvements in predictive maintenance or process monitoring, but the core tasks remain fundamentally physical and resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8113 Well drillers and borers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "8113-well-drillers-and-borers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 50640, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1024, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical, involving the operation of heavy machinery and manual labor in unpredictable outdoor environments. AI has no capacity to perform the core tasks of drilling and boring, as these require physical presence and real-time mechanical adjustments.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8114 Cement, stone and other mineral products machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8114-cement-stone-and-other-mineral-products-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 41808, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2936, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating heavy machinery in a physical, industrial environment, which creates a high barrier to automation. While AI may eventually assist with predictive maintenance or process optimization, the core tasks remain manual and physical.", "url": ""}, {"title": "812.  (Not more specifically classified) Metal processing and finishing plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "812-not-more-specifically-classified-metal-processing-and-finishing-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery and metal processing equipment, which requires manual dexterity and physical presence in an industrial environment. While AI may assist with monitoring systems or predictive maintenance, the core tasks are inherently physical and cannot be automated by current AI technology.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8121 Metal processing plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8121-metal-processing-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 43944, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3433, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating heavy machinery and monitoring physical production processes in a factory environment, which requires significant manual skill and physical presence. While AI can assist with predictive maintenance and process optimization, the core tasks of handling metal materials and overseeing physical equipment remain largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8122 Metal finishing, plating and coating machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8122-metal-finishing-plating-and-coating-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 37788, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1559, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which requires manual dexterity and physical presence. While AI may assist in monitoring machine performance or optimizing workflows, the core tasks of metal finishing and coating are inherently physical and not easily automated by current AI systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "813.  (Not more specifically classified) Chemical and photographic products plant and machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "813-not-more-specifically-classified-chemical-and-photographic-products-plant-and-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which requires manual dexterity and physical presence. While AI can optimize production scheduling or monitor sensor data for maintenance, it cannot replace the physical tasks of operating, monitoring, and maintaining the chemical and photographic equipment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8131 Chemical products plant and machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8131-chemical-products-plant-and-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 43020, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7045, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which requires manual dexterity and physical presence. While AI can optimize production scheduling or monitor sensor data for maintenance, it cannot replace the physical tasks of operating, monitoring, and maintaining the chemical and photographic equipment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8132 Photographic products machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8132-photographic-products-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 30396, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 72, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 7, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating machinery for photographic processing, a field that has been almost entirely digitized and largely superseded by digital photography and automated cloud-based printing services. The core tasks are highly susceptible to further automation and declining demand due to the shift away from physical photographic products.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8141 Rubber products machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8141-rubber-products-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 48408, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1022, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily manual and physical, involving the operation of machinery to produce rubber products in a factory setting. While AI can assist with predictive maintenance or process optimization, the core tasks of machine operation and physical handling remain largely outside the scope of current AI capabilities.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8142 Plastic products machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8142-plastic-products-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 38052, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6488, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily physical and involves operating machinery in a manufacturing environment, which limits the direct impact of AI on core tasks. While AI may assist with predictive maintenance or process optimization, the physical nature of handling plastic materials and monitoring equipment requires human presence and manual intervention.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8143 Paper products machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8143-paper-products-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 47316, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1546, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which requires manual intervention, physical presence, and real-time monitoring of equipment. While AI can assist with predictive maintenance and process optimization, the core tasks remain physical and tied to the factory floor, limiting the scope for automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8151 Fibre preparing, spinning and winding machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8151-fibre-preparing-spinning-and-winding-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 37920, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 89, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which limits AI's direct impact on the core manual tasks. While AI may eventually assist with predictive maintenance or process optimization, the physical nature of the work provides a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8152 Weaving and knitting machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8152-weaving-and-knitting-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 36792, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 378, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which limits the direct impact of AI on the core manual tasks. While AI may assist with predictive maintenance or supply chain optimization, the physical nature of the work provides a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8153 Sewing machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8153-sewing-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 28932, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1098, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily manual and physical, requiring dexterity and real-time interaction with textile materials that AI-driven robotics are not yet capable of handling efficiently. AI exposure is limited to peripheral tasks like inventory management or production scheduling, while the core sewing process remains largely human-dependent.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8154 Bleaching, dyeing and fabric cleaning machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8154-bleaching-dyeing-and-fabric-cleaning-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 54, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing or industrial environment, which limits the direct impact of AI on core tasks. AI may assist with minor peripheral functions like inventory management or predictive maintenance, but the physical nature of the work remains the primary requirement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8155 Fur and leather preparing machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8155-fur-and-leather-preparing-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 22, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual operation of machinery for processing physical materials, which requires physical presence and tactile interaction. AI exposure is limited to potential improvements in machine monitoring or scheduling, but the core tasks remain fundamentally manual and physical.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8156 Shoemaking and related machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8156-shoemaking-and-related-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 33084, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 585, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating machinery in a physical manufacturing environment, which requires manual dexterity and physical presence. While AI may eventually assist in optimizing production workflows or predictive maintenance, the core tasks of shoemaking remain fundamentally tied to physical material handling and machine operation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8157 Laundry machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8157-laundry-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 28392, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3102, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The role is primarily physical, involving the operation of machinery and the handling of textiles in a manual environment. While AI may assist in optimizing facility logistics or inventory management, the core tasks of loading, unloading, and maintaining physical laundry equipment remain largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8159 Textile, fur and leather products machine operators not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "8159-textile-fur-and-leather-products-machine-operators-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 30960, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 190, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which limits the direct impact of AI on core tasks. While AI may eventually assist in predictive maintenance or supply chain optimization, the physical manipulation of textiles and leather remains the primary requirement of the job.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8160 Food and related products machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8160-food-and-related-products-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 37056, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 14814, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing environment, which requires manual dexterity and physical presence. While AI can optimize production scheduling or predictive maintenance, the core tasks of monitoring and operating physical food processing equipment remain largely resistant to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8171 Pulp and papermaking plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8171-pulp-and-papermaking-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 59676, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6230, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating heavy machinery in a physical industrial environment, which limits the direct impact of AI on core tasks. While AI can assist with process optimization, predictive maintenance, and monitoring, the physical nature of the work and the need for human oversight in a manufacturing setting keep exposure low.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8172 Wood processing plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8172-wood-processing-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 38328, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 5142, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves operating machinery in a physical industrial environment, which limits the direct impact of AI on core tasks. While AI may assist in monitoring production efficiency or predictive maintenance, the physical nature of wood processing requires human presence and manual intervention.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8181 Glass and ceramics plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8181-glass-and-ceramics-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 39240, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1317, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves operating machinery in a physical manufacturing environment, which requires manual dexterity and real-time physical monitoring of production processes. While AI may eventually assist in predictive maintenance or process optimization, the core tasks are fundamentally tied to physical labor and equipment operation that cannot be automated by digital AI agents.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8182 Steam engine and boiler operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8182-steam-engine-and-boiler-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 49104, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2027, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves monitoring and operating physical machinery in an industrial setting, which requires physical presence and manual intervention. While AI can assist with predictive maintenance and data-driven monitoring of boiler systems, the core tasks remain tied to physical infrastructure and real-time safety management.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8183 Packing, bottling and labelling machine operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8183-packing-bottling-and-labelling-machine-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 37176, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4071, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves operating physical machinery in a manufacturing or logistics environment, which requires manual intervention and physical presence. While AI and robotics can optimize workflows and predictive maintenance, the core task of handling and packing physical goods remains largely resistant to full automation by current AI models.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8189 Stationary plant and machine operators not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "8189-stationary-plant-and-machine-operators-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 39192, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 917, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves operating stationary machinery, which requires physical presence and manual oversight of equipment in a non-digital environment. While AI can assist with predictive maintenance and process optimization, the core tasks remain physical and tied to specific industrial hardware.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8211 Mechanical machinery assemblers (Level 4)", "slug": "8211-mechanical-machinery-assemblers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 36972, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 12173, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily manual and physical, involving the assembly of mechanical components in a factory setting, which limits AI's direct impact on core tasks. While AI may assist with supply chain management or quality control monitoring, the physical nature of the assembly process remains a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8212 Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers (Level 4)", "slug": "8212-electrical-and-electronic-equipment-assemblers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 35304, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7832, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 4, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves manual assembly tasks that require physical dexterity and precision, which are difficult for current robotics to replicate in unstructured environments. However, the occupation is moderately exposed because AI-driven computer vision and automation systems are increasingly being integrated into manufacturing lines to improve quality control and assembly efficiency.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8219 Assemblers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "8219-assemblers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 34164, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3356, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves manual assembly tasks in a physical environment, which limits the direct impact of AI on core duties. While AI may assist with inventory management or process optimization, the physical nature of the work provides a significant barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "83..  (Not more specifically classified) Drivers and mobile plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "83-not-more-specifically-classified-drivers-and-mobile-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 25, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The occupation involves physical operation of machinery and vehicles, which requires real-time human presence and physical navigation in unpredictable environments. While AI and automation are impacting logistics and vehicle autonomy, the core task remains physical, limiting AI's immediate ability to replace the human operator.", "url": ""}, {"title": "831.  (Not more specifically classified) Locomotive engine drivers and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "831-not-more-specifically-classified-locomotive-engine-drivers-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role involves operating heavy machinery in a physical environment, which requires high levels of safety-critical human oversight and real-time decision-making. While AI and automation can assist with train control and scheduling, the core task of physical operation and emergency response remains heavily reliant on human presence.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8311 Locomotive engine drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "8311-locomotive-engine-drivers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 1431, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a locomotive engine driver is primarily physical and safety-critical, requiring real-time human presence to monitor tracks and manage unpredictable environmental conditions. While AI and automated train control systems can assist with speed regulation and signaling, the core responsibility of ensuring safety and responding to physical emergencies remains a human-centric task.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8312 Railway brake, signal and switch operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8312-railway-brake-signal-and-switch-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 657, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves physical monitoring and manual operation of railway infrastructure, requiring real-time human presence and safety-critical judgment in a physical environment. While AI can assist with scheduling and predictive maintenance, the core tasks of signaling and switching remain heavily tied to physical safety protocols and operational oversight.", "url": ""}, {"title": "832.  (Not more specifically classified) Car, van and motorcycle drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "832-not-more-specifically-classified-car-van-and-motorcycle-drivers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The core of this occupation involves physical operation of a vehicle in unpredictable, real-world environments, which remains a significant barrier to full automation. While AI and sensor technology are increasingly used for navigation and route optimization, the physical task of driving and the requirement for human presence for safety and cargo handling limit the overall impact.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8321 Motorcycle drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "8321-motorcycle-drivers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 4, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Driving is a physical task requiring real-time navigation and interaction with unpredictable environments, which limits AI's immediate impact on the core job. While autonomous vehicle technology poses a long-term threat, current AI exposure is limited to peripheral tasks like route optimization and fleet management.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8322 Car, taxi and van drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "8322-car-taxi-and-van-drivers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 18005, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The core task of driving requires physical presence and real-time navigation in unpredictable environments, which presents a high barrier to full automation. While AI and autonomous systems are impacting the industry, the role remains largely physical and requires human oversight for safety and passenger interaction.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8331 Bus and tram drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "8331-bus-and-tram-drivers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 42036, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 11005, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this occupation involve operating heavy vehicles in complex, unpredictable physical environments, which requires significant manual skill and real-time human judgment. While AI may assist with route optimization or safety monitoring, the physical operation and responsibility for passenger safety remain inherently human-centric.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8332 Heavy truck and lorry drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "8332-heavy-truck-and-lorry-drivers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 42588, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 40657, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The core of this occupation involves physical operation of heavy machinery in unpredictable, real-world environments, which remains a significant barrier to automation. While AI and autonomous systems may eventually impact long-haul logistics and route optimization, the physical and safety-critical aspects of driving require human presence for the foreseeable future.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8341 Mobile farm and forestry plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8341-mobile-farm-and-forestry-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 40764, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 7723, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves operating heavy machinery in physical, outdoor environments, which requires significant manual skill and real-time physical interaction with unpredictable terrain. While AI may eventually assist with autonomous navigation or fleet management, the core tasks remain fundamentally physical and outside the reach of current generative AI.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8342 Earthmoving and related plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8342-earthmoving-and-related-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 42612, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 13584, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves operating heavy machinery in physical, unpredictable outdoor environments, which requires significant manual skill and real-time sensory perception. AI has minimal impact on these core tasks as they are fundamentally tied to physical interaction with the environment rather than digital information processing.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8343 Crane, hoist and related plant operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8343-crane-hoist-and-related-plant-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 50196, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1754, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves the physical operation of heavy machinery in unpredictable, real-world environments, requiring high levels of spatial awareness and manual dexterity. While AI may eventually assist in remote operation or safety monitoring, the core task remains fundamentally physical and outside the scope of current or near-future AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8344 Lifting truck operators (Level 4)", "slug": "8344-lifting-truck-operators-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 48876, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 3847, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 4, "outlook_desc": "Below average", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a lifting truck operator is primarily physical and requires real-time navigation of a dynamic, three-dimensional warehouse environment. While AI may eventually assist with automated warehouse management systems or autonomous vehicle navigation, the core task of operating heavy machinery in unpredictable physical spaces remains largely shielded from direct AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "8350 Ships' deck crews and related workers (Level 4)", "slug": "8350-ships-deck-crews-and-related-workers-level-4", "category": "8", "pay": 48780, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1312, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": 3, "outlook_desc": "Stable", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Upper secondary", "work_experience": "None", "training": "Vocational training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is predominantly physical, involving manual labor, maintenance, and operation of equipment on ships, which requires significant physical presence and dexterity. AI exposure is limited to potential improvements in navigation or maintenance scheduling, but the core tasks remain largely immune to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9111 Domestic cleaners and helpers (Level 4)", "slug": "9111-domestic-cleaners-and-helpers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 24720, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1096, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in unpredictable, non-digital environments that require human dexterity and mobility. AI and robotics currently lack the cost-effective capability to navigate complex, unstructured physical spaces to perform cleaning tasks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9112 Cleaners and helpers in offices, hotels and other establishments (Level 4)", "slug": "9112-cleaners-and-helpers-in-offices-hotels-and-other-establishments-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 28380, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 69848, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is almost entirely physical and requires manual dexterity to navigate unpredictable, real-world environments. AI lacks the robotic integration and cost-effectiveness to replace human cleaners in complex, non-standardized spaces.", "url": ""}, {"title": "912.  (Not more specifically classified) Vehicle, window, laundry and other hand cleaning workers (Level 4)", "slug": "912-not-more-specifically-classified-vehicle-window-laundry-and-other-hand-cleaning-workers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor that requires dexterity and presence in unpredictable, non-digital environments. AI lacks the physical embodiment and sensory capabilities required to perform these cleaning tasks, resulting in minimal exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9122 Vehicle cleaners (Level 4)", "slug": "9122-vehicle-cleaners-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 30564, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 397, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Vehicle cleaning is a manual, physical task that requires navigating complex, non-standardized physical environments. AI and robotics currently lack the dexterity and adaptability to perform these tasks effectively, leaving the occupation with minimal exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9123 Window cleaners (Level 4)", "slug": "9123-window-cleaners-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 40, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Window cleaning is a physically demanding manual labor job that requires navigating complex, unpredictable physical environments and operating equipment at heights. There is no digital component to the core tasks, making it almost entirely immune to AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9129 Other cleaning workers (Level 4)", "slug": "9129-other-cleaning-workers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 148, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in unpredictable environments that requires human dexterity and mobility. AI and robotics currently lack the cost-effective capability to perform these varied, non-routine physical cleaning tasks in diverse settings.", "url": ""}, {"title": "921.  (Not more specifically classified) Agricultural, forestry and fishery labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "921-not-more-specifically-classified-agricultural-forestry-and-fishery-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is almost entirely physical and manual, requiring interaction with unpredictable natural environments that AI cannot currently navigate. While AI-driven robotics or drones may eventually assist in specific agricultural tasks, the core nature of this labor remains largely immune to digital automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9211 Crop farm labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9211-crop-farm-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 24000, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 571, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in agricultural settings that requires dexterity and real-time interaction with unpredictable biological environments. AI has minimal impact on these core tasks, as current robotics technology is not yet capable of replacing the complex, varied physical movements required for general crop farm labor.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9212 Livestock farm labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9212-livestock-farm-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 22, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is predominantly physical and hands-on, requiring direct interaction with animals and the farm environment. While AI may assist in monitoring systems or automated feeding, the core tasks remain manual and physical, leaving the occupation with minimal exposure to AI-driven automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9213 Mixed crop and livestock farm labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9213-mixed-crop-and-livestock-farm-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 25860, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 11, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves manual, physical labor in unpredictable outdoor environments, which is largely immune to current AI capabilities. While AI may eventually assist in precision agriculture or automated machinery, the core tasks remain fundamentally physical and hands-on.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9214 Garden and horticultural labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9214-garden-and-horticultural-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 25308, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 265, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical and manual, requiring direct interaction with plants, soil, and outdoor environments. AI has no capacity to perform these labor-intensive tasks, and the role lacks a digital component that could be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9215 Forestry labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9215-forestry-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 32004, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 314, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Forestry labor is a physically demanding, manual occupation performed in outdoor, unpredictable environments that require human dexterity and judgment. AI has no capacity to perform the core physical tasks of this role, resulting in minimal exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9216 Fishery and aquaculture labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9216-fishery-and-aquaculture-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 4, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in outdoor or aquatic environments that cannot be automated by digital AI systems. While AI might assist with fleet management or environmental monitoring, the core tasks of handling fish and maintaining equipment remain entirely physical.", "url": ""}, {"title": "931.  (Not more specifically classified) Mining and construction labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "931-not-more-specifically-classified-mining-and-construction-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves heavy manual labor and physical tasks in unpredictable construction or mining environments, which are largely immune to current AI capabilities. AI may assist with logistical planning or safety monitoring, but the core work remains entirely physical.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9311 Mining and quarrying labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9311-mining-and-quarrying-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 4, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is almost entirely physical and manual, taking place in hazardous, unpredictable environments that require human dexterity and physical presence. AI has no capacity to perform the core tasks of this occupation, as it lacks the physical embodiment required for mining and quarrying activities.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9312 Civil engineering labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9312-civil-engineering-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 40608, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 4568, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor on construction sites, which requires high levels of dexterity and real-time interaction with unpredictable physical environments. AI has virtually no capacity to automate these core manual tasks, as they are outside the digital domain.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9313 Building construction labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9313-building-construction-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 2976, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation is almost entirely physical and manual, requiring on-site presence and dexterity to perform construction tasks. AI has no capability to replace the physical labor, navigation of unpredictable construction sites, or manual handling required for this role.", "url": ""}, {"title": "932.  (Not more specifically classified) Manufacturing labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "932-not-more-specifically-classified-manufacturing-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Manufacturing labourers perform primarily physical, manual tasks that require dexterity and real-time interaction with physical objects in a factory setting. While AI and robotics may eventually automate specific repetitive motions, the core nature of the work remains physical and currently lacks the digital interface required for high AI exposure.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9321 Hand packers (Level 4)", "slug": "9321-hand-packers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 31884, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 439, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The work is primarily manual and physical, involving the packing of goods by hand, which is difficult for current AI to replicate in unstructured environments. While some automation in logistics may occur, the core tasks remain largely outside the scope of AI-driven digital transformation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9329 Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "9329-manufacturing-labourers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 39792, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1881, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "This role involves manual, physical labor in manufacturing environments that is difficult to automate with current AI technology. While robotics may impact the sector, the specific tasks of a general labourer are largely physical and lack the digital information-processing components that AI targets.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9331 Hand and pedal vehicle drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "9331-hand-and-pedal-vehicle-drivers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical labor and the operation of vehicles in real-world environments, which are outside the scope of current AI capabilities. The work is fundamentally manual and requires physical presence and navigation in unpredictable physical spaces, leaving it with minimal exposure to AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9331. Hand and pedal vehicle drivers (Level 4)", "slug": "9331-hand-and-pedal-vehicle-drivers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical labor and the operation of vehicles in real-world environments, which are outside the scope of current AI capabilities. The work is fundamentally manual and requires physical presence and navigation in unpredictable physical spaces, leaving it with minimal exposure to AI automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9332 Drivers of animal-drawn vehicles and machinery (Level 4)", "slug": "9332-drivers-of-animal-drawn-vehicles-and-machinery-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 12, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical operation of machinery or animal-drawn vehicles in outdoor or unpredictable environments, which requires significant manual skill and physical presence. AI has minimal impact on these core tasks as they do not involve digital information processing.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9333 Freight handlers (Level 4)", "slug": "9333-freight-handlers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 34896, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 38943, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "Freight handling is primarily a physical, manual labor occupation involving the movement of goods, which remains difficult for AI to automate in unstructured environments. While AI and robotics may eventually assist with warehouse logistics and inventory management, the core task of physical handling requires human dexterity and presence.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9334 Shelf fillers (Level 4)", "slug": "9334-shelf-fillers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 30708, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 803, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The role of a shelf filler is almost entirely physical, requiring manual labor to stock products in a retail environment. AI has no capacity to perform these physical tasks, and the job lacks a digital component that could be automated.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9411 Fast food preparers (Level 4)", "slug": "9411-fast-food-preparers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 27768, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 6876, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "The role is primarily physical and manual, involving food preparation and service in a real-time, unpredictable environment. While AI-driven automation in kiosks and robotic food preparation is emerging, the core tasks still require significant physical presence and human interaction that remain difficult to fully automate.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9412 Kitchen helpers (Level 4)", "slug": "9412-kitchen-helpers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 28800, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 17924, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Kitchen helpers perform manual, physical tasks in a dynamic, unpredictable environment that requires real-time coordination and physical dexterity. These tasks are largely immune to current and near-future AI capabilities, as they rely on human presence and physical interaction with food and equipment.", "url": ""}, {"title": "95..  (Not more specifically classified) Street and related sales and service workers (Level 4)", "slug": "95-not-more-specifically-classified-street-and-related-sales-and-service-workers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical, real-time interaction with customers in public spaces, which is difficult for AI to replicate. While AI might assist with basic inventory or scheduling tasks, the core of the work relies on human presence and physical sales activities.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9510 Street and related service workers (Level 4)", "slug": "9510-street-and-related-service-workers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 1122, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves physical, face-to-face service and sales tasks that require human presence and interaction in unpredictable environments. While AI may assist with minor administrative or scheduling tasks, the core of the work remains manual and interpersonal, providing a natural barrier to automation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9520 Street vendors (excluding food) (Level 4)", "slug": "9520-street-vendors-excluding-food-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": 20, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation relies entirely on physical presence, manual interaction, and face-to-face sales in unpredictable outdoor environments. AI has no capacity to perform the core tasks of street vending, as the job requires human physical labor and real-time interpersonal engagement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "961.  (Not more specifically classified) Refuse workers (Level 4)", "slug": "961-not-more-specifically-classified-refuse-workers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "Refuse collection is a physically demanding job that requires manual labor and navigation of unpredictable, real-world environments. AI has no capacity to perform the core physical tasks of lifting, loading, and operating heavy machinery in this context.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9611 Garbage and recycling collectors (Level 4)", "slug": "9611-garbage-and-recycling-collectors-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 37212, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 504, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "The work is almost entirely physical, requiring manual labor and navigation of the physical environment to collect waste. AI has no capacity to perform the core physical tasks of this occupation, and there is minimal digital information processing involved.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9612 Refuse sorters (Level 4)", "slug": "9612-refuse-sorters-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 34668, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1219, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "Refuse sorting is a physically demanding, manual task performed in a non-digital environment. While AI-powered robotic sorting systems are increasingly being integrated into waste management facilities, the core nature of the job remains physical and manual, limiting AI's direct impact on the individual worker's daily tasks.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9613 Sweepers and related labourers (Level 4)", "slug": "9613-sweepers-and-related-labourers-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 28656, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 113, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual labor and physical tasks in unpredictable outdoor or indoor environments that require human dexterity and mobility. AI has no capacity to perform these physical cleaning and sweeping duties, making the exposure to automation minimal.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9621 Messengers, package deliverers and luggage porters (Level 4)", "slug": "9621-messengers-package-deliverers-and-luggage-porters-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 32388, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 2916, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this occupation involve physical movement, navigation, and the manual handling of goods in the real world. While AI and automation may optimize routing and logistics, the physical delivery process remains largely resistant to AI replacement.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9622 Odd job persons (Level 4)", "slug": "9622-odd-job-persons-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 27516, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 264, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 1, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical tasks performed in unpredictable, real-world environments that require dexterity and physical presence. Because the work is non-digital and relies on hands-on labor, it is largely immune to automation by current and near-future AI systems.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9623 Meter readers and vending-machine collectors (Level 4)", "slug": "9623-meter-readers-and-vending-machine-collectors-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 29112, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 88, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 2, "exposure_rationale": "The core tasks of this occupation involve physical travel to locations to collect data or replenish machines, which requires physical presence and manual interaction. While digital automation of meter reading is reducing the need for human intervention, the role itself remains primarily physical rather than knowledge-based.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9624 Water and firewood collectors (Level 4)", "slug": "9624-water-and-firewood-collectors-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": null, "pay_source": "", "jobs": null, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -5, "outlook_desc": "Labor surplus", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 0, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, physical labor in outdoor environments that cannot be digitized or automated by AI. The work requires physical presence and manual effort, placing it entirely outside the scope of AI-driven digital transformation.", "url": ""}, {"title": "9629 Elementary workers not elsewhere classified (Level 4)", "slug": "9629-elementary-workers-not-elsewhere-classified-level-4", "category": "9", "pay": 31596, "pay_source": "wages_statfin", "jobs": 1585, "jobs_year": 2023, "outlook": -6, "outlook_desc": "Declining significantly", "outlook_source": "extras_csv", "education": "Basic education", "work_experience": "None", "training": "On-the-job training", "exposure": 3, "exposure_rationale": "This occupation involves manual, routine tasks that are primarily physical and lack a digital work product. While some tasks may be automated by robotics or physical process improvements, the role is largely shielded from generative AI due to its reliance on physical presence and manual labor.", "url": ""}]